Abstract

With the implementation of the three-child policy and rising female labor force participation, China’s demographic structure is undergoing substantial transformation, resulting in increased demand for equitable, high-quality childcare services for infants aged 0–3 years. This study examines the formulation, implementation, and outcomes of childcare policies in Chongqing (2015–2024) through policy analysis and literature review, supplemented by field research conducted between 2022 and 2025. Findings reveal systemic challenges: inequitable resource allocation between urban and rural areas, fragmented inter-departmental coordination, workforce shortages, inadequate subsidization, work-family conflicts, and limited public awareness. The research highlights disparities between policy objectives and local implementation, particularly regarding affordability and service coverage. Drawing upon international frameworks, we propose a multi-governance structure encompassing: (1) integrated oversight mechanisms across municipal and district levels, (2) hybrid public-private financing models, (3) performance-based regulatory frameworks, and (4) community engagement strategies. These recommendations aim to address equity gaps and align China’s childcare infrastructure with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

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