Abstract

This study aimed to: 1) examine the components of student servant leadership, 2) assess the current status and expectations for developing student servant leadership, and 3) design and validate a management model to enhance student servant leadership. A three-phase Research and Development (R&D) design was adopted. The sample included 306 students from Hubei Engineering University, selected via stratified random sampling. Data collection involved document analysis, theoretical frameworks, a 5-level scale questionnaire, and focus groups. Statistical analyses included frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and PNI Modified. Key findings revealed that student servant leadership comprises Selfless Love, Humility, Trust, Empowerment, and Vision. The management model includes five components: Planning, Implementation, Controlling, Evaluation, and Optimizing. Regarding objective 2, the current status of all components was low, while expectations were high. The needs assessment prioritized Evaluation with key factors “University support for leadership goals” (PNI_modified = 0.98). Controlling followed, with factors “Regular feedback collection” (PNI_modified = 0.95). Optimizing focuses on innovation, “Introduction of new teaching methods” (PNI_modified = 0.91). Planning is foundational, “Clarity of long-term planning” (PNI_modified = 0.69). Implementation centers on execution, with “Use of diverse teaching methods” (PNI_modified = 0.78). For objective 3, the management model demonstrated strong validation: expert ratings averaged >4.5/5, with CFI = 0.996 and RMSEA = 0.016, indicating excellent fit. Discriminant validity was confirmed across all components, with AVE values above 0.66 and CR values above 0.90. This study provides a validated framework for developing student servant leadership through targeted management strategies.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.