Abstract

The article explores tenses of verbs in the Azerbaijanian and Japanese languages on the basis of their comparison. Structural-semantic and functional features of verb tenses are described in the both compared languages. Morphological indications of verb tenses are thrown light on the basis of correlation of language and speech, mutual correlations of the elements of the lexical units. Syntactic position, in which different tenses of verbs in the investigated languages are used, is considered. Determination of real position of the meaning of the tenses possesses senses just in the parts where positions oppose one another in their differentiations in the points of count-down. Consequently, role of category of tenses shows itself in pointing out the one, in which relation at the moment of speech the phenomenon of reality stands, with which the contents of the given utterance are related. Also the correlation of tenses and voices, tenses and mood and so on, which possess more significance in the structure of the sentence are thrown light in the investigation.

Category of verb tenses is a complex grammatic category, which is expressed by steady morphological indications, appearing in conformity with objective laws of the language. Characteristic for the grammatical category of tenses in the both languages is the fact that it expresses both the relation of moment of speech with the moment of action (absolute meaning), and the relation with the moment with which another event is correlated (relative meaning) in the sentences and in the texts.

Study of a circle of tense meanings of the verbs in the compared languages makes it possible to determine common features for the Azerbaijani and Japanese languages and specific peculiarities for each of their categories of verb tenses.

Characteristic for the Azerbaijani language is the fact that the relative meaning acts as one of the meanings of some tense forms of the verb. If a relative meaning is expressed by the morphological indications, then the difference between absolute and relative meanings is discovered on the morphological level, on the level of pluskvamperfect of future in the past tense. Relative meaning of the tense forms of verbs may depend on the contextual environment. In this case difference between absolute and relative tenses lies on the level of syntactic tenses.

System of tenses of verbs in the Japanese language is different by the fact that one and the same form of the verb is able to express several different meanings. Depending on the context of the form of verb in the Japanese language acquire relatively-tense meanings. It gives us ground to qualify the system of tense forms of verbs in the Japanese language as absolutely-relative.

In the Japanese language temporal opposition of the language makes it possible to unite several grammatical meanings and their various shades of meanings in one form of the verb. Verb forms with the meaning of absolute tense forms can be used for the expression of the meanings of absolute tenses, i.e. they in certain positions and in certain contexts acquire relatively-temporal meanings.

In the Japanese language in the speech referring to the past, the predicate of the main sentence acquires form of non previous tenses, if the actions expressed by these tenses on a certain space of time take place parallelly with the actions expressed by the predicate of the following sentence. Often, on the basis of temporal relations of speech in the past is understood a certain moment or the space of time about which it is spoken. In this case, all the actions finishing till this moment appear by the forms of previous tense, and the rest by the non-previous forms. The actions, which are not completed, can’t be considered as the mentioning of the action of the previous one and is expressed by the verb form of the previous tense.

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