Abstract

This paper examines the evolution of global nutrition policy through historical, scientific, economic, and political lenses. It begins by tracing how nutrition science developed—from early concerns with calorie sufficiency and nutrient deficiencies to later emphasis on protein and micronutrients. Over time, rising rates of obesity and non-communicable diseases led to broader, systems-based thinking about food, health, and equity. The economics section explores how market forces—including food prices, subsidies, trade liberalization, and corporate power—influence dietary patterns, especially among low-income populations. It also considers the role of income inequality and consumer behavior in shaping nutrition outcomes. This paper explores the political economy of nutrition, examining how power, institutions, and economic interests shape nutrition outcomes and policy implementation. While nutrition is often framed as a technical issue, its governance is deeply political. The paper highlights how fragmented institutional structures, donor-driven priorities, and short-term political incentives often undermine long-term, coordinated responses to malnutrition. Drawing on historical analysis and contemporary policy debates, the study advocates for a systems-based approach to nutrition that dismantles siloed thinking, addresses structural inequities, and centers sustainability and equity. By framing nutrition as a public good integral to sustainable development, this paper calls for reimagined governance models, better policy coherence, independent monitoring, consumer empowerment and enhanced accountability in global nutrition efforts.

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