Abstract

This study examines gendered patterns in suicide rates in Japan in relation to economic hardship, defined by a recessionary economy for six months or more, and sociological stressors, or disruptions in family and social ties. Using macro-level data from 1960 to 2020, the analysis explores how economic conditions and social factors—particularly divorce, marriage, and employment—are associated with female and male suicide rates. The findings indicate that economic hardship is associated with increases in female suicide rates, while male suicide rates fall during periods of economic hardship. These results underscore the importance of gender-specific vulnerabilities in shaping mental health outcomes in Japan. The study contributes to the literature by highlighting the role of sociocultural and economic contexts in gendered mental health risks and offers implications for policy and intervention. This study does not; however, seek to establish causal relationships but instead identifies macro-level patterns between economic hardship, sociological factors, and suicide outcomes. Given the use of aggregate data, the findings are interpreted as indicative associations that contribute to a broader understanding of gendered vulnerabilities in Japan. By focusing on patterns rather than causal inference, the study complements existing literature and offers insights relevant to social policy and mental health interventions.

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