Abstract

Absolute and relative atomic mass values are obtained in kg/atom, MeV, C, and u for the chemical elements. The results show that: (i) Absolute atomic mass value is, of course, given by the classical mass formula m = hϑ/c²; however, rotational speed per radius ω/r correlates with strain τ on the element’s intrinsic electromagnetic (e-m) transverse radiation to give the coefficient k whose value turns out to be atomic mass unit energy equivalent amu/eV = k = τ/(ω/r)^½. (ii) Each component of the wave-particle doublet plays unique roles in atomic mass phenomenology; these roles readily account for H atom’s seeming fundamentality and preponderance of internal structures in virtually all particulate matter down to the electron. (iii) The mass constants amu/eV and amu/C are linear correlation coefficients of different dimensions of atomic units; the values are thus not specific to particular elements but obtainable from any element including the electron. (iv) The empirical expression e- = F/N_A is incorrect; theoretically, charge q = m_rF = m_absN_AF. The error translates to values of N_A, m_e, and e/m_e that are twenty orders of magnitude lower than theoretical values, e.g., e^-_theor. = 47.062 C c.f. e^-_lit. = 1.6022 x 10^-19 C. It is posited that the charge determinants ω and τ, might be suppressed or virtually nullified in an external e-m environment above some threshold voltage. (v) The error reflects also in all empirical E/c² values. A comparison of empirical and theoretical quantitative expressions for evaluating gravitational (gm) from electrostatic (E/c²) atomic mass shows that the former redeems the inherent error to retrieve proximate gm from E/c² value. (vi) Given the current literature E/c² values, the electron waveform mass does converge with the photon’s value, i.e., m_w(e) ≅ m_photon. It is submitted, therefore, that particle physics has already struck matter’s fundamental unit in the photon mass, maybe unknowingly for lack of litmus test.

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