Additional Work: Strategies for Adaptation of People in Crisis Period

In the midst of crisis period, Thai economy faces currently in the problem as finding a job what is considered a problem that can not be avoided. Especially, the household economy of Muslims who are agriculturists in the lower southern part of Thailand. This article offers to appreciate the importance of additional work which is the strategic to adaptation of household economy in crisis period. The evaluation relating to the size of additional work, the structure of additional work and the features of additional work. Moreover, this paper suggests, recently, that additional work spread out in terms of private freelance and gradually evolve into main occupation and to become a routine without the expertise of labors. From the mentioned features indicate that the pattern of participation is mostly the activities in the name of the agreement by speech which is considered a lack of formal. It can not deny that the motivation in additional work’s activity from seeking extra revenue according to the relationship with taking time in the main occupation. Therefore, additional work becomes as utilities of individual household economy by recognizing requirement to respond against consumption and family members. Additional work in connection with the pattern of private freelance becomes a stimulating mechanism for the formation of approach of social mobilization, resulting a positive to households in the midst of crisis period.


Introduction
Understanding concerning additional work is considered what known as well for the majority of Thais, particularly, on the traditional lifestyle of the household economy in rural areas to survive in daily life that the past does not focus on the function of duty and additional work's role in the secondary labor market, otherwise, also called non-scheduled working and extra revenue.The type of additional working shows that is additional work by self and hired labor or collaboration with other labors.However, the actual size of additional work, the economic crisis period, the possibility and the future of additional working as a like resource for adaptation that has not been study.In the same time, some additional works are considered as adaptation of household economy in the innovation.Although the problematic research of additional work is interested pervasively but still have many limitation issues in study.This research has studied the phenomenon of additional works as if the apparent pattern is an action of labor behavior of laborers which has been understood, as a result, of the realization to the actions and activities.The relationship regarding building wealthy economy in material and spiritual.Afterward, the responsive approaches fix the consumption of population and the requirement for persons who do additional work.This article is focused on the questions that "How many does additional work widely spread in the present time?" "Are there the advantages to additional work between a routine or temporary, aren't there?""How often does formal additional work not have agreed to the contract in documents?"Which population do groups work frequently additional work more than other groups?" 2. Methodology Data research has obtained from the questionnaire of population reflects to the situation with additional work and to used for the deep research analysis.For questioning with reference to practicable approach what is situation and the overview of empirical measurement and strategic behavior of labors as indicator of achievement.Research methods were processed by the sum that there are features to the achievement and the type of different additional work.Group partition of labors in the different level and features to successful adaptation, in additional, data analysis provided by the questionnaires in the period of September 2009-January 2010 using sociological research.The goal of the study relating to additional work is the new phenomenon of labor behavior by showing the quantity, causes and the type of work and quotient of additional working, respectively.Research procedure chooses at random the sampling in the working age by the representatives samples of the target group amount 1,487 persons consist of Thapa District 24.7%, Chana District 24.5%, Nathawee District 24.5% in Songkhla Province and 25.3% of Muang Pattani District, Pattani Province.The relationship of the inquirers accord with the labor distribution in various fields.For the rest, the questions were answered as male representing 45% and females accounted 55% of the population of working age.
Number comparison of the inquiries in accordance with the random representative sample in a variable about gender and the type of working in the household economy distribution.

Literature review
The study in connection with additional work, it appears the natural form in the labor market during the 90's decade which has studied the additional work evaluation as the secondary labor market and has been widely accepted (Hibovskaya E, 1996, 24-27 ,Varshavskaya E,1998, 53-56).The application of the concept concerning additional work of the government agency statistical meaning that additional work relatively is parallel to the main occupation and in the dictionary popularly explains additional working as informal work so that additional work becomes the secondary category of the population and working in the section of population is set from the main occupation such as retired officials, unemployed persons and working in the household economy ( Rossijskij statisticheskij yezhegodnik, 2001, 133 ).Additional work research appears obviously in the pattern of informal working that shows in the paper of economists and sociologists as the report of Sinyavskaya (Sinyavskaya O, 2005), Gimpelson and kapeljushnikov (Gimpelson V., kapeljushnikov R, 2006).The following report described to he definable additional work in the pattern of informal working as if a complex of phenomenon.About the formal and informal manufacturing sector consists of private work as entrepreneurs who are with low education, working without the agreement in accordance with law in the formal and informal manufacturing sector compliance with the paper of Chinasak found that additional work of labors in the household economy within the informal work as a parallel to the main occupation which is the natural features of the household economy as farmers chase more revenue to their families ( Chinasak., Nirat, 2006, 42-66).Recently, the study of Chinasak has found that additional work is used as adaptation strategy in daily life to survive.(Chinasak, 2009, 38-42) In this research, the author adopted the concept of referred scholar used to describe additional work that contributes to adaptation to the Muslim people in the agricultural sector of the southern part of Thailand.Additional work research is a new thing in research as the study of achievement and failure in the adaptation of public during crisis period of additional working.The achievement with reference to strategy of adaptation is the consumption requirement of social in true analysis and the interpretation relating to standing point of the establishment by themselves, particularly, it focus on the achievement effect to the relationship as closely with the professional that become a problem for the current situation in the behavior strategy of the masses as indicators of achievement.

Results and discussion
Result of sociology research analysis found that 76.4% of the inquirers in additional work, don't it?1) The features of social image and additional work evaluation.The elements of the social image of additional worker to the following conclusions as 1) Persons have regularly additional work based on a routine showed that proportion of males more than females (55.6% and 43.4%) and non-scheduled additional work indicates that proportion of female more than male as three times or 26.3% and 73.7% by the most of the additional worker in 20-45 years old (67.9%).It does not equal the sum of proportion of the 20-30 years old group (20.8%) and 31-45 years old (51.3%).In the temporary additional work section, there is mainly working age approximately 23-30 years old (75%) which said that households give meaning to increase your opportunity to the beginning of additional work as two times.Influence analysis of the study to additional work found that people who gave an interview do regularly additional work accounted 7.43% of the high education, 33.7% of the level of high school and 58.7% of primary and secondary school.It is able to see that additional work of ones are with primary and secondary school as the high percentage, in contrast, the percentages of ones are with the high education, there is regularly additional work and temporary.As s result, the mentioned study can be explained that industrial development in the educational areas of weakness.Education level is related to social status at additional working which the pattern of additional working in the household economy.Continuously, the inquiry in the household economy (farmers, fishermen and people who cut rubber in gardens) 80.6% of the inquirers about additional working by themselves which includes merchants who are roadside 5%, service employee that respond to a positive 7.3%, hired labors 6.4% for the rest is 59.1% as ones work in household family with an irregular additional working but the proportion accounted 7.5% as labors.
Considering about a proprietary organization of the inquirers that show basic activity in the research data what indicates the majority of additional working is the freelances accounted 84.7% and 15.3% as private agency.The study concluded that the additional working and receiving revenue from additional work has been used extensively in the labor market of the population meaning someone has conditions to search additional work in accordance with their own and led to the fully additional working.Additional work reflects the quality policy including aims to support a high consumption level of the inquirers and family members.
Sociology research focuses on increasing the economic calculations of the two areas from four areas of the southern boundary.The quality of boundary in analysis when considering against Thapa District and Chana District where the agricultural areas in Songkhla Province.The population is living in Chana District and Thapa District as amount 75,000 and 61,000 Songkhla Province, respectively.As a consequent, the study found that 88.20% and 92.3% of Chana District and Thapa District, therefore, the inquirers have additional work or working as a part by the extra revenue of each family about 1,000-5,000 per month (22-50%).Observable that the size of basic wages on their relatively additional work.Increasing the size of basic wages of all groups in the proportion of additional work as a part or non-scheduled work.Table (1) to the conclusion that additional worker are not only a group of the poor but persons who skilled in the labor market.Whoever are positioned to find consistently additional work and the ability to do additional work from physical capabilities depend on the main occupation and additional work of the inquirers as 54.5% of ones have main occupation that earn amount 6,000 baht/month able to work with extra revenue not exceeding 10,000 baht and 28.1% of labors in the high cost (more than 12,000 baht per month) representing the additional work earn extra revenue from 12,000-100,000 Baht/month, approximately, 29% proceed activities with informal working that earn the higher revenue more than formal revenue as ten times according with indicators on official employment.Low revenue from informal working accounted 31% within the population who is with low revenue calculated 10.0%, in additional, gap in group of revenue level in line which provides benefits of working outside the system (informal).In addition, working on the household economy effect public employees and roadside traders have the same opportunity of additional working because of work by themselves (it does not depend on the establishment).The type of activity is manufacturing and products selling as handicrafts and agricultural productivity.Service broker are not demanding expert education.In urban areas, it can find with complicated additional work because the decision depends on with owner enterprise and definition the specialized labor.This table(2), quantity of additional work, shows the number of hours were 38.87% of the inquirers in 31-45 years old and work less than 15 hours to 56 hours per week, 34.4% of the inquirers more than 46 years old working more than 43 hours per week and 10.7% in 26-30 years old and work between 29-more than 56 hours per week.The features of the living level in connection with family's revenue what do additional work are less than the low revenue problem.Hence, the most people who do additional work through the secondary labor market effects fully to the social and economic structural transition procedure in crisis period through the context of insurance labor for basic wages of the most people who work.2) Structures in the type of additional work Result of research issue the type of additional work to the clarity that the prevalent pattern in additional work as roadside commerce, the freight between urban and rural areas, the product distribution in agriculture field and vegetables planting which accounted proportion as 46.2% of the quantity of all additional work.All studies found that nearly half of the people who do additional work have not been prepared expertise for occupation.Nextly, additional work is the co operation together.From the table observe clearly that 18.07% of the inquirers collaborate working together.Moreover, the possibility is limited because of the third which represents to additional work relating to the construction service, restoration and garment accounted 12.36%.Fourthly, professional activities with reference to contract, manufacturing employment or sub contract calculated 11.54% and the last position is in the type of additional work not a main group representing 10.6%.This table(3) describes additional working by themselves in rural areas as the prevalent pattern in the form of production for sale, construction and restoration depending on the type of additional working from professional and social caste of the inquirers that is evident from table 4. Differences in structure that occur in additional work as the additional work's changing is divided into temporary accounted 39%, regular additional work about 61% by main supervisor directed construction services, restoration and garment, brokerage activities, preparation and factors distribution for consumption, roadside commerce considered as additional work on part-time in the workplace.The common characteristic of additional work as trademark register and proportion is 60-70% of additional work without juristic right register but using of relative labor in an agreement by speech.Main reason of additional working considers a coincidence; therefore, most data shows that 61% of labors who work regularly additional work that register in labor relation while working as an accident accounted 23.6%.If the quantity of additional working that is not registered with a different distribution, nextly, it shows that public services such as construction services, restoration, garment, personal service, products preparation in consumption factor and freelance without the principle register to a juristic person.This situation is specifically when there is a verbal agreement without registration on labor relation.In this case is an informal relation with the value to both employers and employees as two parties.Obviously, the employers pay a wage less than if he used the labor service in company, thus, it can avoid tax payment.The performance is less than if the employees give a service as a like colleague of company.If the contract service or the acceptance in contract against the fully operative law that is the complexity in the proof of service assigned to money, not service based on friendship.Such as the type of additional working to the professional activities in the contract.Increasing time working has registered often establishment which think the reasons are related in the true reporting system in workplace.Additional working in a formal and informal spread out between the types of occupation is diversed such as roadside commerce.Working can be registered but agreement by speech.The pattern of select agreement of many labors depends on social relation with the employers.At the same time the type of additional work, for instance, the factory labors in shop.Certainly, the employers must register for all employees.Therefore, the basic features of the additional work in crisis period occur rapidly in the size of the type of additional working.Structure changing of additional work and expressed in many types of services to the population.Additional work changing is regularly to the temporary additional work.Additional labors changing are not registered including the overview of structure of the secondary type of additional work is not necessary to claim that labors have a high level of expertise.The idea of the inquirers indicates that additional work does not need to the professional preparation represented 69%, then, additional work demands expertise under main occupation as 37% and the inquirers agree that both main occupation and additional work require equally a skilled calculated 29% and, finally, the mentioned questionnaires show that additional work demands expertise than main occupation.Explaining phenomenon related to the specific decision on the material of revenue from informal additional work including as well as complete showing no less than revenue from formal working.The idea what the relation of revenue from work as a part and taking time influent to additional work attracted particular attention.

3) Structural dynamics in additional work
Questions about why the expectant additional work effect to the most pressure to the most inquirers call that earnestness to increase revenue (67.72%)In the no.2, meaning the desirable that is known by people who need relation (16.4%).Continuously, no. 3 is painstaking to work on free time (8.5%), lastly, meaning to the motivation as the work is very interesting and causes to abilities (4.8%) and resolves in more revenue requirement based on family status as 51.1% of the interviewed families who have motivated additional working as revenue.The number of 11.9% wants to work on free time.Differences in the types of additional work depend on the working status and spouse's revenue as the inquirers need to increase revenue and spouse does not work or earn less than the inquirers.The questions ask that do you will do additional work, or not if the regular main occupation to ensure the quality of life shows the actual proportion of additional work.By the way, motivation relating to extra revenue answer that "yes" only 22.05% and 28.7% and agree that additional work will be added.Figures show that lower than the proportion of revenue motivation (53.5%).Thus, conclusion is additional work able to add revenue less than 55%.Working behavior of the parties to the action and the result from additional working results to the qualitative indicator as revenue, time and the possibility of additional work changing to main occupation.Large proportion of the inquirers has been added revenue from additional work not less than 71% of main revenue.On the other hand, average revenue from additional work calculated 40-80% of revenue in main occupation.Besides, males have been added revenue from additional work less than females as well.Other results in additional work become to main occupation.On the contrary, closely half of the questionnaire said that 42% give same meaning the refuse to answer questions with reference to the possibility to changing, additional work in the future become into the daily working regularly as 48%.Determining the conditions of change from position to additional work for the inquirers as skilled labors and revenue.13.7% of the inquirers show that additional work demands expertise more than main occupation indicating 60.0% is moderate and 9% is labors with low expertise, respectively.We study the response in additional work that is similarly the metrics as a result of utility.The overall representing 32.5% of the additional work (not responding in category 2) success is possible in terms of working for life is better.24.37% is a response to the limited resources available to the level of 19.5% and only 9.8% show that the level of response and stay the same.Primary reason that non-response from additional work as low revenue.Conflict arises as a picture showing the difference in the level and quality of adaptation is not reflected in any achievable evaluation.If the overview is a measure of success adaptation and features in the relationship as closely, for example, 8.1% of the agents who failed has a feature of the lowest in the measure of adaptation as "non adaptable" at the same time the number of harmony in the parameter features in "adaptable "' that I succeed in using the new possibilities" only 22.6% while 16.76% is just " I solves problems to sufficiency on possible working merely insurance for myself" including the inquirers has proposed the loss of such status when compare to the past but in the future expect the minimum loss which will return to position or damage to a group.Evaluation of the group that " I live likewise in the past" more complex than others because the group has included a quiz that "As though the past was good and there're no future in the past".It is clearly that the inquirers are in this true situation that is not changed.Since the evaluation of the former and recent inquirers in consistent operation.The group who inquires the answer told that accustom with the past and can not deny the traditional way of life as 17.6%.Value assessment that one can successfully adapt to current conditions possible.All above said that the group fully occupy at the society.The difference in the way of the possibility of additional work.Approach to accelerate the mission is different from the earnestness to mobilize easily time at the adaptation to difficult conditions but adaptation strategies consist of additional work as a whole to have clear and significant difference in stability.The possible of relation has studied with the specific meaning in social regarding independent working and additional working distribution among Muslim populations that do not work in the research area in the southern part.Research process has studied benefits and the motivation of unemployed persons, the relation of the unemployed persons with working by themselves, the qualitative features, work preparation by themselves and demand for assistance and other.However, it occurs when the inside stimulation and the director of labor relations when recognizing additional work in case of interesting pattern.Working by themselves for individual beneficial analysis found firstly that is a personal plan to analyze the personal benefits.Data shows that the volume of most unemployment of the people has their own activities to the small space for vegetables planting and various types of activities which are not defined expertise.It's not strange since labors lack the expertise and necessary to use social networks on a high level to independent workers than to find job as contractors in the workplace.Independent working correlate with the opening of business lead to evidence in connection with the situation that is not appropriate for the activities by the number of beginning approximately 20.6% thought that the situation is related to the financial crisis because it can not lend credit.Furthermore, taxation and others which in the few years ago did not resolve problems and change to sustainable security in general.The unemployment problem is resolved meaning that if can not find job in the long term then the inquirers answer to the meaning.The first approach is the household economy meaning of guidance to various activities.The possibility of different situation for the unemployed persons, however, using a small land for vegetable planting what is processed only 17.1% for the unemployed persons.The second approach is independent working, 15.4% of the inquirers choose to create their own business.They agree that the secondary working in the household economy into the source of true revenue in Muslim community in agriculture area.As a result, research shows that 46% of the unemployed persons were prepared to enter freelance.It is proportion of the greatness that is focused again as the necessary proportion and important.Government agency has supported employment service unit is evaluated in the answer as the first rank.This section is the local administrative organization in rural areas.Answer analysis show that the unemployed population lack adequate information about the support and the type of assistance equivalent accounted 29-46% of the inquirers.Research has clearly seen that the unemployment persons have prepared a private business and want to support credit (72%) to educate for entrepreneurs (61%) extra policy is making freelance to interest.The inquirers are presented as relation changing of the administrator of local administrative organization.The opening of business relating to product supporting as -46.8% and the development of entrepreneurs and small businesses as 26.2%.Advertisement in the idea of freelance what the advantage of freelance working in the public communications as 20.6% including moral stimulation of independent working (the reward for education, educational experience publication, expression of thanks) accounted 4.6% of the inquirers.

Conclusion
Among the economic crisis, additional work is considered how to make extra revenue of the population and support to achieve the quality of life of labors and labor's family, Main occupation is the role to stimulate additional working.Additional working research is in the form of working by themselves during the critical period that verify to awareness of the unemployed persons in the relation of the market influent to production condition are rapidly changing in the better way.Working by themselves in the operation can be done through the formation mechanism of the channels of social mobilization is thought to work with the integration according to the relationship with the real world.This relation in the framework of social policy must consider that additional work is adjustable strategy from the crisis and effectively resolve by themselves in the short term.Nevertheless, the other side is a simple exit strategies for survival in the benefits of occupational group, therefore, social policy concept of government in relation to additional work to stand on the basic regarding the possibility to grow in the framework of main occupational group and basic guidelines for planning to the position of the profession in terms of loss a labor position of former occupation what is replaced with new labors.

Table 1 .
shows the distribution of additional work among labors group differs from the size of the basic wages (% per the number of the inquirers).Basic wages of the inquirers in October-December 2009 (Baht).Average <6,000 6,001-8,000 8,001-10,000 10,001-12,000 >12.000

Table 2 .
The general distribution of additional working's time per week by age group.

Table 3 .
The type of additional work depend on the social caste of the inquirers %.

Table 4 .
The type of additional work depend on professional and social caste of the inquirers.(Quantity)The activity type of additional workYou have additional work during the three months, haven't you?
I live likewise in the past for me, now a day nothing changes.

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Field Work 2009-2010 Figure 1.Map of Southern Thailand