Critical Success Factors of Public-Private-Community Partnership in Bali Tourism Infrastructure Development

According to the National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas), the limited budget of the Government of Indonesia to improve public facilities can be resolved through the approach of Public-Private Partnership (PPP). PPP beneficial for the parties involved in such cooperation, among others, the transfer of technology, transfer of risk, and increase accountability. Until now, the PPP has not involve the active participation of the community, it is necessary to add an element of society in the so-called Public-Private-Community Partnership (PPCP). This study aims to investigate Critical Success Factors (CSF) of PPCP. CSF of PPCP obtained from the literature study of PPP. Respondents came from the regency/city level agency heads such as: the private sector at management level, party people represented by Indigenous Chairman (bendesa adat), penyarikan (secretary) and juru raksa (treasurer). Data of the questionnaire results collected resulted in a significant index (rate of interest) and subsequently analyzed with the “factor analysis“ to determine CSF of PPCP. This study resulted in CSF of PPCP by incorporating local communities into the PPP, which is an improvement proposal for Decree No. 13 of 2007 about cooperation between the government and the private sector in infrastructure. From the results of a factor analysis, obtained the nine CSF are: socio-cultural factors (values diversity of 29.914%), legal factors (14.198%), procurement factor (5.330%), risk factors (4.956%), a consortium factor (4.312%), technical factors (3.951%), economic factors (3.643%), financial factors (3.241%), and technological factors (3.224%).


Introduction
The development of infrastructure is to support economic activity of a country, especially in developing countries.On the other hand a very limited budget to build infrastructure in a short time, therefore it is necessary to accelerate the development of infrastructure PPP (Bappenas, 2010).Presidential Decree No. 13 of 2010 is an amendment to Presidential Decree No. 67 of 2005 on PPP, which saw two stakeholders, namely government and private.The concept of PPP does not involve the active participation of the local community; it needs to make a model of PPCP.
Several research community participation, the development of tourism infrastructure has been done both in Indonesia and abroad, among others: community involvement and participation in tourism development in Tanzania (Michael M, 2009); Limits to community participation in the tourism development process in developing countries (Tosun, 2000); and strategy for increasing community participation in the management of rural water supply systems in the Middle East District South East Nusa Tenggara (Taopan, 2007).Active participation in the community approach has been widely published Indonesia in government regulations, among others: active community participation approach to support sustainable development (Gupta, 2005).
Local communities were used in this study is the Balinese community called the Village People.Balinese traditional village chosen as an object of study for the reason, among others: the people of Bali has its own uniqueness in keeping the culture of Bali, Bali province as a tourist contributor in Indonesia, and Bali is the world's only tourist destination.Balinese traditional village is the unity of indigenous people in the province of Bali which has a tradition of unity and social life ordinances hereditary Hindu community in bond of Tri Kahyangan Tiga or village that has a particular area and its own assets and reserves the right to manage his own household (Regulation of Bali Province No. 3 of 2003).Communities than there are in Bali, based on the origin and local customs exist also in other areas, namely: Huta/Nagori in Sumatera Utara, Gampong in Aceh, Nagari in Minangkabau, Marga in Sumatera Selatan, Tiuh or Pekon in Lampung, Lembang in Toraja, Banua and Wanua in Kalimantan, and Negeri in Maluku (Act No. 6 Village Government, the Government of the Republic of Indonesia, 2014).
Previous studies only discuss the factors that influence the PPP.Factors in question are financially, consortium, technical, government guarantees, conditions of the project, and risk sharing.The study was conducted by Li. et.al in 2005, discusses the identification of Critical Success Factor in the PPP in the UK; Tiong in 1996 to discuss the identification of Critical Success Factor in BOT projects; and Zhang in 2005 to discuss the identification of Critical Success Factor in infrastructure development.Based on these phenomena, so it needs PPCP models on infrastructure development of tourism in Bali.
A research problem above is what is CSF of PPCP? and the research objective is to identify CSF of PPCP.While the originalities of research are: (1) Insert the active participation of local communities in PPP in Indonesia, (2) getting CSF of PPCP.

Methodology Research
This study uses primary (questionnaires and interviews) and secondary data (literature).To obtain the CSF of PPCP, will be the stage of this research as follows: (a) The study of literature and the pre-survey to search for variables that affect collaboration involving government, private sector, and local community (Li & Akintoye, 2005;Tiong, 1992;Zhang, 2005;Rachmawati, 2006), (b) making research instruments such as questionnaires and unstructured interviews as well as to test the validity and reliability, (c) conducting interviews and distributing questionnaires to the respondents to validate the factors previously arranged (Umar, 2003), (d) entered into the data processing of the results of questionnaires with statistical approach, namely factor analysis (Rimbawan, 2011;Rimbawan, 2013;Santosa, 2010;Sharma, 1996;Singarimbun, 1996;Supranto, 2004) , then (e) dominant variable and similar variables grouped and named the CSF of PPCP.

Public-Private Partnership (PPP)
PPP is a public-private partnership involving a huge investment/capital intensive where the private sector to finance, build, and manage infrastructure and facilities, while the government as partners who handles care setting, in this case remain as owners of assets and controlling the implementation of cooperation (Kurdi, 2004).
The main difference from some form of PPP in the ownership, investment and commercial risks based research organization for economic co-operation and development (OECD, 2005) can be seen in Table 1.Based on the type and characteristics of the above contracts are commonly used variant of the scheme for BOOT is the BOT that have characteristics appropriate to the infrastructure projects and the allocation of risk is needed (Tiong, 1995).Based on the decomposition of the above forms of PPP, it can be said in general that cooperation BOT is a variant that is often used to increase private participation for infrastructure development in the region (Ramdani, 2004).
Problems often occur in developing countries (Askar, 2002) include: legal issues, the environment, the risk of unexpected, high-cost, effective determination of concession period, the contract clause issues, and risks to the Operate phase.
CSF is one of the company's activities that impact on the ability of the company to achieve its objectives.CSF is similar to the concept of management by exception in terms of focusing on the portion of a company's overall operations but CSF is more stable while management by exception can change from one period to the next (McLeod, 1995).
PPP in the field of regional planning and development of tourism in northern Brazil, examines the influence of content exploration socio-economic and political, to the arrangement of cooperation in the development of regional tourism.Cooperation between the organizations studied were various government spatial scale and level of functioning (Lidenberg & Bramwell, 2002).
The study of cooperation in tourism, and on marketing alliances and networks, the NTO and private non-profit organizations in Malaysia.Research presented in the event the Event Tourism and Destination Management International conference 2003 in China, to comprehensively assess the inter organizational alliances, partnerships and networking relationships between the Malaysian Tourism Promotion Board with private organizations and non-private (Othma, 2003).
In Indonesia, the policy of cooperation in tourism development in depth discussion about the issue of Public and Private Sector Partnership in the field of tourism, has been raised in Yogyakarta tourism symposium in 2001.

Tools for Analysis
To obtain quantitative data on the degree of importance of a factor/variable in the questionnaire to describe the CSF, the perception created in the charging interval scale is a scale that shows the distance between the data with others and has the same weight (Sugiono, 2005) by providing scores on each answer.For that, scaled with the rating scale, where the raw data obtained in the form of numbers and then interpreted in a qualitative sense.In a scale model of the rating scale, respondents will answer one quantitative answer that has been provided (Sugiono, 2005).
Validity indicates the extent to which a measuring device is able to measure what you want to measure, while reliability is a term used to indicate the extent to which a measurement result are relatively consistent if the measurement is repeated twice or more (Singarimbun, 1996).
Factor analysis is a multivariate statistical analysis technique that aims to reduce the data.This analysis attempts to discover the relationship between each independent variable that can be made of one or a set of variables is smaller than the initial number of variables.Factor analysis is a technique that describes the relationship between the diversity of multiple variables in a small number of factors, in which variables have a high correlation grouped in one group (factor), whereas the correlation between variables in a group with other groups relative small.Between variables in a particular group has a very strong relationship, but the other variables in the other groups have a relationship that is comparatively small.Factor analysis can be used to identify and locate some concepts, the main factor, commonly called Exploratory Factor Analysis (Supranto, 2004).

Previous Research
The aspects that affect the CSF of PPP with the BOT scheme in previous research can be seen in Table 2.
Note. √ = Aspects to be reviewed; X = Aspects to be investigated

Discussion
Questions of the questionnaire with a rating scale is not very important to very important with a rating scale of 1 to 5. Question questionnaire concerning the following matters: financial analysis is right on target (A1), Financing budgeted stable (A2), the financial ability of the investor to adjust the increase in interest rates/inflation (A3), Commitment financing parties cooperate (A4), a balanced distribution of results (A5), the investment Scheduling payments (A6), rates are acceptable/approved by the cooperating parties (A7), relations and good cooperation of the parties involved (B1), good cooperation ability (B2), good leadership with entrepreneurial principles (B3), partisifasi involved come from various disciplines (B4), parties involved have the power of finance (B5), the good reputation of the government, private, and community (B6), Seasoned in PPCP (B7), the Consortium is tough and Strong (B8), Cost-effective in infrastructure development (C1), Taking into account the environmental impact (C2), Paying attention to safety and health (C3), the contract should clearly future cooperation parties involved (C4), an innovative Solosi (C5), an effective organizational structure and efficient (C6), advanced and appropriate technology (C7), accuracy in estimated development costs (C8), Collateral regulators/regulations of the government (D1), warranty contracts PPCP (D2), government involvement in infrastructure pembanguana (D3), the political conditions that favor Assurance (D4), fixed interest rates and low (E1), the economic policies that support (E2), a stable macroeconomic conditions (E3), the exchange rate can be predicted (E4), promising economic growth (E5), the planned project promises to bring gains (F1), Flow attractive long -term cash for those who will lend capital (F2), Availability suplayer during long-term operation (F3), the Competition is not much on the type of business (F4), which generated enough profit to attract investors (F5), government policy support project which will be built (F6), Commitment and responsibility of government, private, and community (F7), Regional enough marketing support (F8), the project is a requirement of government, private, and community (F9), a balanced distribution of risks and appropriate (G1), which can predict the risk scenario (G2), the insurance agreement (G3), a guarantee agreement (G4), future cooperation agreement/concession (G5), loan agreements when necessary (G6), operating expenses Agreement (G7), good cooperation between the government, private, and government authorities in the case of (H1), high commitment from the government, private, and community (H2), the Government is good and clean (H3), realistic cost benefit assessment (H4), the procurement process is competitive (H5), procurement processes are transparent (H6), development conducted the support of local communities (I1), active partisifasi Involving the local community (I2), Giving priority to local employment during the construction and operational (I3), Priority to local ingredients (I4), Adjusting to custom (I5), activities that do not conflict with religious social communities (I6), activity does not conflict with national law (J1), activity does not conflict with local customary law (J2), the legal language used Indonesian (J3), the legal domicile of activities in the local district (J4), listed in the contract dispute settlement measures (J5), in the manner specified contract completion unexpected circumstances (J6), listed in the contract firmness terminate the cooperation agreement (J7), a good working relationship each party (K1), the governing body 's financial statements transparent (K2), Report of the activities of the management body (K3), correspondence/correspondents each party (K4).
Validity of the test results with the help of software SPSS 20 for Windows.Of the 72 variables tested its validity, there are three variables that are not valid are: Funding is budgeted stable (A2), and interest rates remain low (E1), the Competition is not much on the type of business (F4 Seen that all the alpha value has a value greater than 60% so that it can be concluded that the grains have a question is reliable. A correlation coefficient with a sample size of 90 people will be said to have a meaningful relationship when the measured correlation coefficient is greater than the value of r (0.05, 90-2) = 0.176.In determining the feasibility of data, (Sharma, 1996) puts the correlation coefficient test on the first step.From the analysis of the correlation matrix section is seen that most of the correlation coefficients obtained showed values greater than 0.176 so that it can be proven that there was a significant association between variables.
KMO value in the development of tourism infrastructure, which consists of 69 variables to 32 variables corrected early critical success decent PPCP used in the factor analysis resulted in a value of 0.832 so as to be useful in the classification (Maritorious).The KMO values indicate a sample size sufficient proximity.
MSA calculations on the CSF of PPCP are to arrive at a group of variables with MSA > 0.5 through 4 iterations.Hair et al (1995:393) suggest not involve variables that have values less than 0.5 MSA in the extraction factor.
Each iteration there is one factor that is excluded from the model because the value of the MSA < 0.5.The end result MSA values can be seen in Table 3. From the initial variables as much as 69 variables, 37 variables are reduced.
The results of the factor extraction method for PPCP Principle Component Analysis showed that the number of factors used were 9 units with the total cumulative amount of diversity worth 72.770%.
Communality values for all variables after extracted into a number of factors generally are above the value of 0.5.That is the common factor is still quite strong in explaining the diversity of variable origin.
Factor loading values were calculated in general will be considered if it is greater than 0.5 (Sharma, 1996).Table 3 shows the summary results of each of the 9 factors formed from 32 variables that affect PPCP.Of the 32 variables, that affect it turns out that has a loading value greater than 0.5 as many as 30 variables and loading under 0.5 by 2 variables.Results formation factor can be seen in Table 3.
Community in Bali who are in the neighborhood region called the traditional village.Existence of traditional village in Bali is recognized by Article 18 UUD 1945 and confirmed by the Bali Provincial Regulation No. 6 of 1986, which regulates the position, function, and role of traditional village as a unit of indigenous people in the Province of Bali.Institutions of traditional village is permanent and based on the Tri Hita Karana.Understanding Indigenous Village has been formally stated in Article 1 (c) of Bali Provincial Regulation No.. 6 of 1986, which states that the traditional village is the unity of indigenous people in the Province of Bali which has a tradition of unity of social life and manners hereditary Hindu society in bonds of Tri Kahyangan Tiga that have a particular area and their own property and the right manage his own household.Traditional Balinese village has the following characteristics : (a) Having a region with certain limits; (b) Having a clear members with specific requirements; (c) Having Tri Kahyangan Tiga; (d) Having autonomy either out or into; and (e) Having a customary rule management (prajuru adat) itself is based on its rules themselves

Table 1 .
Characteristics of alternative forms of PPP

Table 2 .
Aspects affecting PPP on previous research ).The value of r table to test questionnaires 27 respondents is 0,381, obtained from 69 valid factors.Factors that are not valid are removed from the model, and are not included in the subsequent analysis.The results of the reliability test of the factors that affect PPCP, the financial variables, the consortium, technical, government guarantees, economics, project conditions, risk, procurement,Socio-cultural, legal, and

Table 3 .
Results formation factor Source: Results of Analysis(2013)