Urban Management and Internal Immigration regarding Socio-cultural Aspects ( With Special Attention on Iran ’ s Experiences and Condition )

While immigration to cities with an inadmissible proportion and blaming that for all the urban problems, this article wants to have a review on these negative prejudgments and adopt a real way by the urban managers. Review of immigration theories in three levels of Macro, Micro and Meso is an explanatory of a continuous immigration to cities in the future of Asian countries that its results from the national development perspective are not only negative. However decreasing and leading the villagers' immigration to the areas that have the capacity is essential, nowadays immigrations as a part of urban development is inevitable and there should be anticipatory, constructive and integrated policies reflected by the urban management. In this part looking through new urban management method which causes a pervasive communion in local and urban institutions, will be a solution which follows with capability of immigrants and unitizing them with city and urban culture.


Introduction
It is more than three decays that in parallel to rapid urbanism in Iran the words about "irregular" immigrations from experts and governors can be heard that the villagers should not leave the villages' fresh air and nature to "ruin the calmness of the developed cities with an attack like wilderness tribes" for passion and false demands (Note 1) and worse, they should not cause a growth in using the drugs and dirty jobs (Note 2).So many times the city managers have expressed the rural immigration as a matter of disorganizing and especially marginal settlement (Note 3).
The conclusion of all those critiques is in citizens' dissatisfaction from urban management through the newcomer immigrants.
And in fact urban managers reason that consequences of the immigrations are the rapid population growth and three is no necessary reference and time coordinated to this growth to supply citizen's requirements.So the point finger is toward the "irregular" immigrants who don't let the urban managers to supply the citizens' requirements (probably lot of former irregular immigrants).In addition, it is said that many problems and urban inelegance are made by immigrants; otherwise the nice old cities were still stable.This article looks at these certain assumptions.And presumes no right to deprive them of their immigration freedom certain claim.From another view we can not make immigration compulsory.So after a rapid review of immigration theories on the kind of rural-urban one in Iran we will attempt to discuss the policies and an approach for urban management encountering the immigration.

Understanding of immigration
"Immigration" is a general word for kinds of population movement between places which causes a permanent or semi permanent (for a long time) change in the residential place (Johnston, 2001).Because changing a home in a city or even urban area is not considered as a change (in the area bigger than daily communion) in residential place, we don't call this kind of movement immigration.Immigration is the reflection of residential place dissatisfaction and imperceptions of the places' differences, including social-economical, physical and biological ones.In this article villagers' immigration to city centers or rural-urban immigration and also immigration between cities (usually to the bigger cities) in the country are considered.

Theoretical framework
Immigration happens reacting to widespread factors with different effects on people and necessarily everyone does not have the same way of reflection (Parnwell, 1993).Theoretical explanation of the immigration reasons can be divided in three research levels as below: Following the most important theories in each level would be explained:

Theories in Macro-level
In this level, immigration is seen as a social process caused by structural reasons in country and area.In this part three different theoretical branches can be distinguished.The first branch is driven from modernization and dual economic theory.In this branch it is mainly believed that immigration as a balancing mechanism, transfers the extra labor force from the rural traditional and agricultural sections to the new urban industrial and service sections.It is assumed that labor force's movement is the prerequisite of structural evolution to the modern estate whereas city and village will use it the same and finally leads to a balance in income and usage of the parts.In fact the zero marginal productivity is considered for the rural immigrants whom with leaving the village the agricultural part doesn't hurt and instead there will be an increase in productive urban labor force.This assumption in the "south" countries often does not hold true and labor force's transferring has a relation with reduction of agricultural products (Note 4).It should be considered that there is no total employment in the city to make sure of urban production increase.Also the assumption of paying real wages in city will not hold true until the time of the complete extra rural labor force transfer in the "south".The immigration models explained by Lewis, Fei and Ranis are in this branch (Todaro, 1976).
Buoyancy from the villages has been divided in two conditions: first, the condition in which the rural economical stagnation, leaving the activities, environmental and natural resources' decadence cause a "negative" buoyancy of labor force.Second, the condition in which the rural economical activity, substitution of the labor force with new technologies, the environmental and natural resources' saturation cause a "positive" buoyancy of labor force.
In this framework Zelinsky has written the theory of Mobility Transition.In this theory, population movement pattern changes according to the society development stage and rural-urban immigration in "south" increases little by little, but after the middle stages of development it reduces (Zelinsky, 1971).Where as this theory is supposed universal, lot of population movements in "south" countries are not considered parallel to improvement in developmental stages by Zelinsky and mostly are activities between continuous duality in national space.
Theories of this branch consider immigration and especially rural-urban type as a structural alteration requirement in "south" countries in the developmental and strengthened by internal elements path.Also these theories don't have the power to define the increasing rate of immigration -with the high rate of unemployment in cities -and is incapable of justifying the temporary and circular immigration which have an increasing share in the "south".
The second branch of theories in Macro-level is based on the Marks and dependence theory which with historical-structural analysis sees the immigration as a staged phenomenon and a stream raised from alterations of investment production relations.From this point of view an unbalanced space structure is created because of the geographical separation of the capitalist's place (proprietor) from (workers) that follows with a population movement (Chant and Radeliffe, 1992).So the motivated labor force comes to investments' places (cities) from villages, and in other words "people vote with their feet".This allegory shows the necessity of changing people's residential place and labor market to communion in the stream of their conditions' development and improvement (Note 5).In classic explanation form Marks this kind of immigration in a dialectical stream is natural and gives speed to the history.
In this framework, the dependence theory, does not count the unbalanced space structure as natural and so does not see them in the stream of balance and perfection because of external factors and covert development.From this point of view undeveloped space is produced and remains next to the developing space and a center-margin relationship will be made and finally the immigration in "south" countries is not a balancing movement (Amin, 1974).Hidden determinism in these theories would not leave a place for the differences of people, societies and areas, so for this reason they don't have the power to define the various immigration patterns in countries.
The third branch of Macro-theories, based on ecological viewpoint, knows the immigration as a fact and a sign of increasing population pressure on resources which its root in Maltosi theory of unbalanced population growth is against agricultural products (Grigg, 1980).Biologists using "carrying capacity" concept, justify the rural immigration by natural limitations, because the carrying capacity shows the capacity of an area to keep people healthy and other organisms without declining its ecosystem (Hagget. 1979).So from this point of view the immigration is a balancing movement.
These theories only emphasize the natural motivators of population movements, while many studies in the "south" shows that against population's pressure on resources (specially in villages) immigration is only one of societies' choices; and the another choices exist like birthrate decrease, compacting the agriculture, lands' usages, social-economical structures and technologies alterations (specially from the distribution justice aspect) (Bildsborrow, 1987).Also it is necessary to remind that a lot of rural immigrations end in cities which themselves are the birth places of biological unbalancing.
Thus classified theories complex in Macro-level, know immigration as a variant depending on the conditions and structural-contextual limitations that the first and second branches are relied on the predetermined factors.Incapability of village in labor force employment (about the first branch) and the unequal distribution of resources to the city benefits (about the second branch) are defined as the main reason of rural-urban immigration.Thinking about immigration as a behavioral reflection with economical goals is leaving a large share unseen whereas people immigrate because of some special personal, social factors -or a combination of them -.The third branch of theories that considers the decadence of environment and the shortage of natural recourses as the main reason of immigration is relied on some predetermined factors in the villages.Regarding the fact that the major population of south villages didn't immigrate, the necessity to investigate the other level theories and making the Macro level theories perfect will become clear.

Theories of Micro-level
In this level we encounter the immigration from the other immigrant units view point which can be people whose main emphasis is on the question that why an immigrant person moves or not -like the Macro-level -why the immigration happens.In this part we use a cognitive-behavioral approach not a historical-structural one and we can recognize two different theoretical branches, first branch in the field of neoclassic economics, consider the economical reason in making a decision of an immigrant.The Human Capital theory considers the benefit as the main factor of moving or not moving of a motivated immigrant (Sjaastad, 1962).The expenses are the immigrant's lost income opportunity because of leaving the village, the transportation and settlement expenses and added to expectance to find a jab in destination and psychological expenses because of leaving a familiar environment and the loss of the support that existed in village.Benefits include more and better job opportunities, more income in the destination the value of having better facilities and social services than the village (Lee, 1985).Also we should pay attention that for the existence of instability in "south" the motivated immigrant yields to immediate benefits rather than future ones (Da Vanzo, 1981).However peoples' motivation toward maximizing real incomes in their life is hidden as an inevitable fact in immigration theories.
In this frame work the most famous model of immigration is represented by Todaro and Harris which is successful in explaining the apparently contradictory immigration to cities in the existence of unemployment.In this part the rural immigration takes place as a result of difference between city and village from the perspective of expected but not the real income.Expected income is an income that is evaluated considering the real income difference between urban and rural job opportunities and the chance of getting an urban job by the new comer immigrant (Todarro, 1976).Despite the high ability of this model in explaining the immigrations in "south" following important critiques have been made:  In "south" countries, the family relations and lifecycle of an immigrant play an important role in making decision, meaning than we can not consider the immigrant as a single person only with merely economical benefits motivation (Greendle, 1988). Immigrants want to optimize, not to maximize their use of opportunities that for this reason the cycle immigration between city and village takes place (Chang, 1981). The implicit supposition toward the existence of immigrants' enough information and logical evaluation is not true, so for this reason chain immigration takes place and the background of immigration streams, canalizes the information (Parnwell, 1993). To reach the urban labor market existence of friend and relative is essential which is not equal for all (Spear, 1988). While the explained model is alike for all the immigrants, in fact selective immigration is related to people's age, gender, skill and risk taking. In this model the extensive market in informal part of south cities is not cared for.
 This model can not determine the destination of the immigrations, while there is a rationale for choosing different destinations. To compensate the income differences in city and village, immigration is not the only way, instead some other ways like specialization or varying the family economy and cycle immigration are also possible (Guest, 1989). The wish to achieve a better life quality and social activity has not been cared for.
 Considering the priority of Push in south villages, many of immigrants come to the cities for nonexistence of income and their goal is to achieve the least income instead of expense-benefit (Dasgubta, 1981). Finally, capital moveable more than job, in conclusion to this model with the advantage of cheap labor force in village, why capital and other productive factors do not move.
The second branch of theories in Micro-level is based on the priority of non economical factors in immigrants' behavior, that today is not a dominant theory and compared to theories based on the priority of economical factors is considered subordinate.In these theories which most of them are compiled of using the researches about people's residential place alteration among cites in "north" countries, the axel is the motivated immigrant's perception of utility of the environment.In stress-threshold model immigration is looked at as a shape of a person or group's adaptation with the environmental perception change.In this model a threshold of stress tolerance is supposed for the motivated immigrant who forces him to move toward the new environment (Wolpert, 1966).
Immigration evaluation should not be done only from the rural or urban perspective, but the set of outcomes in types of immigration should be considered from the national development point of view.
It should be mentioned that the interest to use the other special environmental facilities can be manifested as a capital in wage, house rent and other prices of that environment.
In this framework the theory of "bright city lights" which believes in the attraction of rural youngsters because of media and the stories of former immigrants about entertainment patterns and type of urban life (Parnwell, 1993), is very famous.However, practically studies have not proved this theory, many times the other non economical factors like accessibility of educational, treatment and fundamental services, leaving the traditional norms and the ambition of social mobility beside the bright city lights have been seen (Bildsbarrow, et al. 1984).At least with these theories we can explain the direction of the immigrations (not necessarily their beginning) and anyway accept that beside the visible and economical factors, mental and social-cultural factors have affected immigrant's decision making.
Therefore the set of categorized theories in Micro-level, knows the immigration as a variable depending on how immigrants make decisions whereas in the first branch, economical reasons for the labor force movement, is relied on income calculation during the lifetime in two places and modifies them with the possibility of getting a job.The second branch, explains the non-economical reasons depending on the utility of environment and the urban attraction of social facilities for immigrants -that exact studies in this case are not available and the immigration policies are mostly inspired from the first branch.In both branches of the theories in this level the freedom of immigrants' movements is certain and attention has not been paid to contextual factors (structure of social-economical and ecological factors).

Meso-level Theories
Considering the critiques on the other levels of theories disregarding the contextual factors, immigration in this level is studied based on the family unit and the community and the strong point is in relating the "cause of people's immigration" (Micro-level) to "cause of immigration phenomenon" (Macro-level) through family and community.
As usually in "south" countries, the production unit and possession control in rural areas is the family, it is believed that immigration is rarely individual.So the group decision in family which is a reaction toward its condition alteration, has a main role; and perception of this condition alteration happens based on local community.Two different theoretical branches in this level can be recognized.The first branch, which deviates from Human Capital and expected income theory, counts the decision to immigrate based on the total family incomes (not the immigrant person) from various resources (like agricultural, proletarian, dealing, handy crafts and getting money from other immigrants).
Therefore as the possibility of aggregation and effective composition of job in the case of immigration with other jobs of immigrant's family in the origin is important, the wage level and its difference are not important for the immigrant.In fact the immigrant attempts to maximize total family income with minimizing the risk of group income.This happens through varying income bases (with getting a job in destination).Therefore, though individually, decision to immigrate is not a guarantee for individual immigrant's best benefits, it guarantees the maximum benefits for the family (Clark, 1986).
In this framework "relative deprivation" approach is explained.From this point of view immigration happens to supply dissatisfaction which is derived from comparison made between the individual and family income and the average of reference and immigrant group income (not all groups).In this approach it is concluded that the most immigration is from poorest villages and the most immigration interest exists among poorest people and immigration is intensified with unequal income distribution in the villages (Stark, 1984).This approach does not deny the individual behavioral traits but emphasizes the analysis of immigration in family unit and as a group decision.From the "relative deprivation" perspective, immigration more than labor force immigration is because of wage difference; and against the common belief, is to escape from family income risk (through giving variation to income resources by immigration of a member or some members) (Stark, 1984).Again in this branch, the "value-expectancy" approach is presented in which immigration is known as result of family perceptive-recognition calculation to improve life quality.Here "value" is equal to objective goals and "expectation" is equal to mental probabilities where as criticizing the economical logics and maximizing the individual benefits suppositions, believes in maximizing values (that totally and definitely do not have economical aspects and are not necessarily individual) considering the expectations (DeJong and Fawcett, 1981).
It should be paid attention that performing such an approach is difficult because of requiring to know and analyze deep and mental concepts and maybe prior to family value and expectation, these are community's structural and cultural specifications which make the member of that community motivated to migrate or not.
Immigration to cities in Iran is inevitable.Based on dual spatial development inheritance of natural deviations and biological straits and with an intensification view point toward globalization of economy, it is deduced that current immigration stream of the country will continue at least for a long time.
The second branch of theories in Meso-level, directly relates immigration decision making to restrictions and contextual facilities.Here, according to social values by which the family is surrounded, the main goal in people's immigration is defined as sustenance or life quality improvement and family well fare (Wood, 1981).In this part, emergence of a new family species with geographical dispersal and performance consolidation is distinguished which is different from the common definition of family (living in a house with shared main meal) (Selier, 1988).Also in this approach it is said that who immigrates in the family comes back to their life level and in contrast brings commitments for other members of family in other levels of life (Trager, 1988).So the necessity to allocate the family labor force interacting with society values leads immigration decision.
In this framework studies in some "south" countries show that immigration and agriculture are integrated and complementary toward each other.To get liquidity and sponsoring the agricultural labor force, part of a family labor force (exploitation unit) immigrates whereas in lower level societies, social-economical development is more (Findley, 1987).These studies have shown that opposite to rural family income reduction, there are social solutions (like decreasing the birthrate and immigration of labor force) and productive solutions (like specialization or variation) (Guest, 1989).In criticism of this approach it is said that in many cases, resource distribution and social-economical organizations in villages, are better justifications for making family decisions in rural immigration stream deviations.Meanwhile the more nonagricultural income resources less rural immigration takes place.
So Meso-level theories complex, observes immigration as a result of family decision toward sustenance or increasing the family welfare and announces that mechanism, performance and exploration of such decision (including individual factors in Micro-level and social ones in Macro-level) becomes practical and effective in Meso-level (family).However, in all mentioned kevels there is no universal and general theory which is able to justify immigration completely and exclusively in absence of other levels -including the answer who, why and how immigrates -(Note 6).
But it seems like regarding "south" countries specifications, giving theories and studying in Meso-level will result in superior conclusions in comparison to the other levels (Note 7).

Consequences of Rural-Urban Immigration
Regarding the case that most sensitivity reflecting the immigration phenomenon are for its outcomes in origin and destination of migrations, in this part a theoretical framework to evaluate the consequences of rural-urban immigration is study.In this framework, buoyancy from village has been classified in two occasions: First: A situation in which rural economical stagnation, leaving activities and decadence of environment and natural resources, will result in "negative" buoyancy of Labor Force; second, the condition in which rural economic development substitution of labor force by modern technologies beside environmental and natural resources, saturation will cause "positive" buoyancy of labor force.Regarding the other side of migration, that is urban attraction also it is classified in two classes: first, that the real requirements labor market exist and attractive capacity of urban parts cause "positive" immigration of rural labor forces to cities; second, the condition in which false expectations by villages exist and causes "negative" immigration of rural labor forces whereas there is no capacity in urban productive labor market.
Paying a little attention to the four classes of immigration regarding its outcomes in origin and destination, it can be interpreted that two types of it can merely be counted for as "positive" or "negative", because they affect the origin and destination.Though, the two other types have different effects on origin and destination, which can be evaluated as "negative" in one aspect and "positive" by the other (Sarrafi, 2001).However, in presented model, based on different criteria, also "positive" and "negative" definitions can be changed.But in either case, attention must be paid that not only immigration must not be evaluated just from the city or village aspect, but also the complex of consequences in all types of immigrations should be counted from the National Development perspective.

Immigration to Iran's cities from the theoretical perspective
Considering the review of immigration theories in previous part, it can be concluded that in Macro-level, immigration to cities in Iran is inevitable.Based on dual spatial development inheritance -either based on devotion of discriminative resources and development centralization or based on historical events, natural deviations and biological straits -and with viewpoint of its intensification because of economy globalization, it is deduced that current immigration stream of the country will continue at least for a long time.In fact, stability of Iran's rural areas depends on the immigrant transferring limit which causes the exit of extra population of the rural environments inquiries and thus keeps labor forces and entrepreneurs of the village.In this regard, rural total development will not be able to stop the immigration of extra population from village rather than that it can help by sustenance of the population (Note 8).However, based on the presented theoretical framework, to evaluate the consequences of this "positive" immigration in origin, its "negation or positive" outcomes in destination also must be regarded.
Today, there is a universal agreement that urbanism process is one of the decisive factors in "south" countries development.In Iran's particular condition, young population growth has created unprecedented job requirements, which the most possible, economic and the quickest place for the creation of the majority of such jobs are inside urban parts.Nowadays, beside around five hundred thousand urban youngsters, more than three hundred thousand rural youngsters, with low education and some how unskilled, enter the labor market where better opportunities with lower investment are undoubtedly provided for them in cities compared to the villages.This is an emphasis on the inevitability of immigration to cities and necessity to anticipate from the Macro-level perspective.
From the Micro-level perspective, theories also are not in a way that stream of immigration to cities in Iran is to be stopped soon.Contrary to the wrong supposition that merely people's economic motivation must be paid attention, immigration in Iran is mostly a decision made to guarantee families' preservation and security.Wages also do not have remarkable differences and mental factors of immigrants affect fulfillment of immigration more than visual factors (Note 9).Thus, many rural immigrants will immigrate because of family necessities and more comprehensive motivations rather than personal short-term profit-seeking ones.Here, it should be pointed that less witnesses of "bright city lights" attraction in contrast to buoyancy of "rural darkness" are available.But if we replace the "bright city lights" in future with entertainment and facilities, then we will find better justifications for immigration reasons at Micro-level.
From the prospective of Meso-level theories, rural-urban immigration will continue in the country during the coming years.
Comparing a part of rural population with reference groups, considering lack of enough resources, there will be certainly no answer except for immigration, and "Relative Deprivation" parallel to "value-Expectation" will work.But information stream in societies based on backgrounds of old immigration streams, creates thematic pressures and increases chain immigration.Because of these informational streams and their importance in finding its basic position in cities, stage immigration -from small and near residential places to huge and far ones -are less seen.
Finally, rural-urban immigration in Iran, disregarding the level of rural development , local balances and land preparation will continue in coming years and there is no escape from that; But, volume, combination, speed and its direction can be guided which will be discussed in following.

Immigration to Iran's cities from the Aggregated Policy -Making Perspective
With a transient look at literature of subject and dominant dialogue in our country, it can be interpreted that at least during the two or three previous decades, the common understanding of rural-urban immigration in Iran is "negative" and by citizens' view the word "irregular" is an inseparable element (component) of population's motion which is mostly "regular" in the villager's opinion!Prior to entering the policy-making argument, it is necessary to pay attention to the principles below:  Motion and transition freedom in habitat and office are of inevitable civic rights.Policy-making based on legitimacy derived from social benefits can influence population's motions with encouraging and sponsoring devices.With a transient look at literature of subject and dominant dialogue in our country, it can be interpreted that at least during the two or three previous decades, the common understanding of rural-urban immigration in Iran is "negative" and by citizens' view the word "irregular" is an inseparable element (component) of population's motion which is mostly "regular" in the villager's opinion! Freedom in choosing habitat and office, contradictorily, requires policy-making in which people are not forced to leave their habitat and inhabit in another place.
It is the fact that rarely one is found to be fond of leaving his favorite house and in fact after tolerating some levels of tension and pressure, he yields to immigration.Intimate words of an elderly man in Hamedan are: "who said that we are interested in city?No one escapes from his family.Every one likes to be with his family at least at nights.Do they give us PhD, M.A or palace in Tehran?As radio says, we live in informal settlements and we should do the worst jobs there.We are ridiculed as rednecks.The only happiness we have is that whenever we save some money, we can return to our village and live there with honor for some while" (Note 10).
So, rural immigrant comes to city like a refugee and "votes with his feet", and by the lowest expectation beside the highest preparation for work and attempt, wants to build his future.In this way, unfortunately success is not that much regular and general and almost is like a lottery.But hope for improvement keeps him standing.In such a situation it is neither possible nor fair to decide on their non existence.Who makes such a decision?Is it not that we citizens were once immigrants?They have come a bit later and we say that there is no room for them!It must not be forgotten that in cities (Also in a country with oil income injection to urban economy) wastes of tables are much enough for the poor to feed from.But to use the waste of tables, it is needed to travel to cities and be next to the tables!Immigration policies in relation to rural-urban immigrations inside the country, in general division, may be Normative or Adaptive.In first case, policy is made based on value-expectancy.And in other way, policy is made based on what in fact exists and is accepted.Both branches of policy-making can be compulsory, encouraging or sponsoring (Skeldon, 1990).
From another perspective immigration policy-makings can be categorized into two, deterrent (negative) and productive (positive) categories in immigrants' origin or destination, that in other words can be followed with encouragement or punishment in two tales of immigration stream.Also, confronting rural-urban immigrations, particularly in "south" countries, five types of policies are used as below: A. Stopping immigration stream in origin or abandoning presence in destination, that its model was seen in China's Cultural Revolution period and with rural steams called "Rustication".
B. Changing the direction of migration to expected destinations like low-density areas with natural unused capacities or to (ex-urban) new, small and medium cities where are not accepted by immigrants.This policy was utilized in Canada and Australia as Homesteading and in Indonesia as Transmigration to some islands except for Jave.
C. Accepting current immigration stream and creating necessary policies to attract in destination that much of this model can be seem in South American countries.
D. Accepting current immigration stream and thus try to decrease it.And not to encourage its permanence, which is like A and C policies that is conveniently implemented by some countries.
E.Not accepting the current immigration stream and exerting force to leave destination and return to origin, which its violent and tragic model was seem in Kambuj during rouge Khemers' era (Oberai, 1983).
Any way it can not the expected to stop transition to a place until the time there is no capacity for employment.
In fact sometimes it is visa-versa, and by the presence of immigrants and population increase, assembly economizations and environment for creating new opportunities are provided which by themselves are attractive of activities and creative of capacities for employment.
Therefore, regarding the case that development and good fortune of the "place" are not the objectives, it should not be expected from people to live in their habitats for ever and try their best for its development as hard as possible.But, the objective is development and good fortune of "people" which is possible to achieve with attempt, lower expense but adapted with environmental capacities in another place (Sarrafi, 2001).In today world, policies at accepting immigrations and attempts to direct and to manage it, have the most acceptances and are used for national development.

Issue of Urban Management Encountering Immigration
At first, many of common beliefs in relating troubles and problems of Iran's urban management to rural-urban immigrations should be studied and revised. Rural immigrants, or those entered from other cities, are not all poor and with low income immigrants and in fact the picture made of them who are only obstacles for cities is not all the truth.Studies on other countries show that the interest among villagers toward migration is either from the poorest or from the richest stratum and the medium level has the lowest interest to immigrate to cities. Thus, the immigrantaccepting cities are facing with two types of immigrants whereas the high-income groups who live like other citizens by importing their capitals are not blamed and only selectively there are words said about the troubles made by resettlement of low-income groups.Troubles of these groups are serious because of suitable supply absence for their requirements and force them to the informal borders and creation of their own habitats (Note 11). Immigrants who have entered the cities, besides helping the urban economy, create new opportunities and capacities.The imaginations that are almost destructors of urban economy are wrong.It suffices to consider that young, bold and hardworking forces bring cheap labor forces to urban labor market and for their resettlement and job hunting, they benefit from their families and those coming from the same provincial towns _which is in fact use of rural capitals in cities_ with the least command to urban governance.This stock of labor force causes the operation of new activities in city and activates entrepreneur environment. Not only immigrants are not threats to cities, but also they can be opportunities for urban development.With that explanation this the urban management's responsibility to make Economical development using these opportunities properly, and not to consider this transition of population negative in the continuum of pioneer and developing role of cities in national development.Discussion is about the migration which is "effect of underdevelopment" in some parts of our country and can turn into "cause of development" in some or other parts. Immigrants who have entered do not have the biggest fraction in urban overpopulation.Step by step this fraction is decreased and it is added to the natural population growth of cities.Of course, it should be mentioned that new habitant patterns are going to get shape in urban Macro-level area which is a group of villages, several small cities and metropolitans are created in an operational combination with each other which destroys the classical borders of cities and villages, and that needs independent research and investigation (Ginsburg, et al. 1991).In these areas, immigrants affect very much the increase of population shares in main metropolitans.

Conclusion
Considering the cases that have been briefly mentioned, urban management facing to entered immigrants has different responsibilities which are usual today.The most important of those responsibilities is paving the way and helping immigrants' employment in cities.The goal of employment here is from two social-economical and physical aspects.From the social-economical aspect, these immigrants need education, gaining skill and ease of conditions to enter labor market.Parallel to the creation of this economical establishment, aggregate acculturation must be formed toward paying the debt of citizenship for benefiting from their rights (Sarrafi, 2001).This is necessary to consider that in employment at immigrants, time individually is not useful and it indeed needs a bright social plan to connect their societies to city and urban culture.Here it must be emphasized that all of these stratagems do not ignore macro-policies which should cut down the villagers' immigration and lead them to the areas with capacity.
Regarding the case that development and good fortune of the "place" are not the objectives, it should not be expected from people to live in their habitats for ever and try their best for its development as hard as possible.
But, the objective is development and good fortune of "people" which is possible to achieve with attempt, lower expense but adapted with environmental capacities in another place.
Among the main elements of this social plan, are institution for and giving partnership to the immigrants' society in handling their local problems.The complex of these movements is called empowerment which urban management acts like a facilitator of capacity-making in these societies and in fact teaches them how to stand on their feet.Succession in that case, the other aspect of these societies' employment which is from the physical one, is opened (Hall and Pfeifer,2000).Development of environmental conditions and improvement of neighborhoods with the least city's help are done through these societies with improvement of their social-economical situation and departure of low income neighborhoods is removed.Unifying with city (not necessarily involving in it) is the determiner of the urban management's success in facing the immigration.Of course, to supply the same limited extent of social and fundamental services which are obligatory for improvement of these societies environmental conditions, there is an issue an the source of capital supply.This maintenance on one hand must be supplied further than local level and at the state and national level -because population transition to cities is happened for notional development -and on the other hand it is reasoning with good urban governance which leads to gathering of sources and new actors.Anticipation in resettlement of future immigrants also will remarkably decrease the future expenses.
Briefly, immigrant's entrance to cities is their natural right and it is not possible to consider it negative or stop it.What we do or do not do for their employment and acceptance, rural-urban immigration will also continue and urban management not taking measurements only will add future expenses.Also, there is no reason for immigrants to be seemed as obstacles for cities and not to be able to use their capabilities.Incapability in solving the urban problems is not a reason to put it on the immigrants' shoulders.There is no sign that by stopping the immigration, cities will solve urban problems and that the balance between the labor force requirement and jobs takes place or the balance between income distribution and poverty eradication is formed.While abandoning immigrating in other words keeps the poverty in village -not beside the cities.Is it not so that their existence in city will make more and cheaper opportunities to decrease the poverty and bring balance?Finally we should revise the "anti-immigrant" view.This view is rooted in anti-urbanism and especially anti-urbanism has been distributed because of incapability in urban management.So the urban management needs to alter.Discussion about the elements of this alteration (like the entrance to all social-economical areas, integrated and strategic management of city and zone) would be postponed other times.
Note 4. In this article the "south" countries are the third world or developing countries.
Note 5.The expression "people vote with their feet" refers to the people's right toward choosing their residential place and immigration.
Note 6.This is compulsory to mention that descriptive theories of immigrants and immigration process analysis (like "Raven stein" rules and "Lee's" model) are not investigated and only the immigration explanatory theories are studied.

Note 7 .
Review of immigration theories is a compact of the 4 th chapter of the source below: Sarafi, Mozafar (1995), " Rural Outmigration and Rural Development in Iran: Implications for the Roles of Infrastructure in Case of Hamedan Province."Vancouver: University of British Colombia .Ph.D. Dissertation.Pp.71-106Note 8.For a better understanding of the structural immigration necessity for villagers in Iran you can refer to the article by Nasser Azimi in "Modiriyat Shahri" quarterly journal.Note 9. Despite studying many "south" countries (and also the author's study in Hamedan province) this claim has been proved, these conclusions should be carefully considered.Note 10.The author's interview with Jorbanloo villagers.May 2009.Note 11.For further studies in this case you can refer to exclusive edition of "Haft Shahr" quarterly journal, Vol.8, summer 2004.