An Integration of Community Empowerment and Biodiversity Conservation Program through Social-Ecology Approach in Indonesia (Study Case: Kokolomboi Hamlet)

The endangered Peleng Tarsier primate species and the critically endangered Banggai Crow species live and breed in Kokolomboi Hamlet. However, for such a long time, natives hunt wild animals for food and for commercial interest. Land conversion and forest fires that become normal method for beekeeping and farming have resulted in a progressive loss of wooded area and degraded land. To address this, a community empowerment program with the integration of socio-cultural, socio-economic, and socio-ecological approach has been designed as a method to achieve sustainable exploitation and management of the forest area through honeybee production with apiculture as backbone. The objective of this community empowerment program is to make people of Kokolomboi Hamlet voluntarily conserve nature by developing conservation village while assuring their primary needs are met by the economic empowerment using environmentally friendly beekeeping method and eco-tourism activities. From year 2020 to 2023, this socio-cultural, socio-economic, and socio-ecological integration approach has empowered 30 members of Tourism Awareness Group (Pokdarwis), 11 beekeeping groups with 245 members, 30 households participated in environmental preservation, 60 foreign tourists have visited Kokolomboi Biodiversity Park


Introduction
Geographically, Banggai Islands Regency is included in the Wallacea Region which is home to biodiversity with a very high level of endemicity.The enormous potential of natural resources makes Banggai Islands Regency part of the Mega-Biodiversity Country.According to UN REDD Forest Carbon Statistic of Central Sulawesi (Suryadi, 2012), there are 270 hectares of severely degraded land; 1,761 hectares of critically degraded land; and 9,901 hectares of moderately degraded land in the Buko Subdistrict, Banggai Islands District, Central Sulawesi.Furthermore, over 20% of Leme-Leme Darat Village residents hunt wild animals for food and for commercial interests.
Other than that, the endemicity and vulnerability of animals in Indonesia is an issue that requires special attention in order to maintain the sustainability of the ecosystem.The Peleng Tarsier (Tarsius pelengensis) is listed as Endangered by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) (Shekelle, 2020).On 2017, BirdLife International assessment also showed that Banggai Crow (Corvus Unicolor) is listed as critically endangered animal.The Peleng Tarsier is one of 2,573 species suffering near-term extinction, while the Banggai Crow is one of 1,742 species risking extinction in the near future, according to the IUCN Red List.

Integrating Socio-Cultural, Socio-Economical, and Socio-Ecological Approach
Community empowerment is closely related to social inclusion, namely a fair and equitable development process, as well as equal opportunities to achieve economic improvement, status, opportunities, and reducing feelings of inadequacy (Ahmad & Talib., 2015;Davey & Gordon., 2017).In the socio-economic approach to community empowerment, there are several aspects that need to be considered, those are financial conditions around industrial areas, the risk of decreasing community income, decreasing business activity numbers, and the risk of unemployment (Sandhyavitri, et al., 2019).By applying foresight methodology, it can be used to develop longterm strategies for socio-economic development to identify priority areas of scientific and applied research, as well as to increase interaction between community participation and the innovation system of empowering actors (Kosov, et al., 2016).Another approach taken in community empowerment is the social-ecological approach.The social ecological approach is an approach that examines interactions between society and nature, especially to understand the dynamic processes in their interactions.It can be understood that the social system and the ecological system form an inseparable relationship, which has a reciprocal role as shown in Figure 2. The social ecological approach is considered an effective medium in regional development and management by analyzing the reciprocal relationship between humans and nature combined with internal and external factors.With a social-ecological approach, it can be used as a foundation for appropriate regional development, ensuring sufficient natural resources, and how to use them.Proper management and utilization of natural resources by integrating adaptive methods between human activities and social structures to ensure harmony in adaptation and development is expected to improve the quality of life, ensure security and sustainable development through increasing social-ecological capacity (Tran et. al., 2022).Another approach that is based on socio-cultural values that are acquired and passed on from one generation to another is called the socio-cultural approach.Culture is often considered the most important aspect of information in societal activities which is manifested in behavioral patterns.The existence of culture helps people behave so that they are able to optimize the use of limited resources to meet as many needs as possible (Pylypenko, et. al., 2019).Hence, the community empowerment on Kokolomboi Hamlet integrates community engagement with conservation initiatives through an ecological approach, socio-economic approach, and socio-cultural approach.

Strategic Plan
The socio-cultural approaches become the cornerstone of the conservation work, preserving the indigenous Sea-Sea Tribe's wisdom through the Kuyak and Lakasinding dances for conservation advocacy and integrating endangered wildlife conservation into local elementary and middle school curricula.Then, the socio-economic approach commenced by empowering beekeeping communities with more environmentally friendly method which utilize non-timber forest products or apiculture and the development of eco-edu tourism.This socio-economic approach connects with global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 1 (No Poverty).On the other hand, the socio-ecological method contributes to SDG 13 (Climate Action) through increasing and maintaining vegetation cover, constructing endemic plant nurseries, nurturing endemic plant, zoning of protected forest areas by indigenous community, conserving endemic biodiversity by indigenous community with traditional method and frequent biodiversity index monitoring and evaluation.These activities help to preserve natural food supplies and food chains for endemic species.Furthermore, the initiative helps achieving SDG 15 (Life on Land) by conserving and maintaining Kokolomboi Biodiversity Conservation Park, therefore conserving endangered flora and animals such as the Peleng Tarsier and Banggai Crow.The community empowerment program namely Kokolomboi Lestari is planned to settle within 5 years.The strategic plan from 2020 to 2025 can be seen as follows.A notable innovation is the use of palm tree trunks gathered from community gardens.These trunks go through a particular treatment process in which they are chopped to about 1.2 meters in length and then hollowed down to form chambers.These palm tree trunk cavities have been specifically treated to attract wild bees to nest inside them.It is feasible to generate 5 to 6 wild bee nesting mediums from a single palm tree trunk purchased from a community garden.Because each palm tree trunk can replace the need to take down 5 to 6 forest trees for the same purpose, this innovation considerably minimizes the possibility for forest tree logging.Furthermore, these palm tree trunk media can be reused as nesting locations for wild bees several times.This approach helps to reduce tree felling within the Peleng Island Forest.This invention also focuses on empowering and educating the community.Regular education and monitoring operations are carried out to teach the community how to produce honey products, minimizing the need for tree logging.Currently, the community uses dead palm tree trunks as bee nesting sites, avoiding the need for tree chopping in Peleng Island's Primary Forest.This innovation displays the program's commitment to environmental protection and sustainable practices while also benefiting local populations' lives.Beekeeping is an important component in forest regeneration because bees play an important role as pollinators, assisting in the fertilization of surrounding plant life.Furthermore, this program has evolved into an innovative project, as it has become a core Community Conserved Area, which is directly protected and monitored by the Indigenous Community (Togong Tanga) and the local society.This accomplishment has increased the community's awareness of environmental preservation tremendously.
To measure impact and effectiveness of this community empowerment program method of integrating sociocultural, socio-economy, and socio-ecological aspect with backbone in environmentally friendly beekeeping method, these parameters are monitored: 1) Number of civil societies empowered on tourism awareness and number of tourists visited Kokolomboi Biodiversity Park.
2) Number of beekeeping farmers empowered by training and changes of economic income.
3) Number of households participated in achieving Ministry's Primary Climate Village Award.4) Biodiversity index of flora and fauna monitored in Kokolomboi Biodiversity Park, especially endangered endemic fauna such as Tarsius pelengensis and Corvus unicolor.

Stakeholders Involvement
Corporate marketing is a relationship-based philosophy that explicitly considers stakeholders, society, and the company's ethical orientation (Maon et. al., 2021).CSR branding efforts direct corporate stakeholders to engage in ongoing efforts to understand and give meaning to emerging social issues and corporate actions.Therefore, scholars in management, business and society, and corporate communications have begun to discuss the sensemaking and sense-giving processes that characterize how companies and their key stakeholders approach CSRrelated issues and opportunities (Aguinis & Glavas, 2017).Corporate social responsibility (CSR) focuses on various types of stakeholders and outcomes, including stakeholders outside the organization and outcomes that go beyond financial results.Thus, CSR expands the notion of work to go beyond task, job, intra-individual, intraorganizational, and profit perspectives and provides an ideal channel for individuals to seek and find meaningfulness through work.In implementing the strategic plan, this community empowerment program involves multi-stakeholders as follows:

Shannon-Wiener Index
Shannon index, which also popular with name Shannon's diversity index or Shannon-Wiener index, is used vast in ecological literature to measure and communicate biological diversity (Spellerberg and Fedor, 2003).Shannon-Wiener index, symbolized with H' which is given in the following formula is used to compare flora and fauna diversity respectively.In which H' stands for the diversity index and pi stands for number of individuals of species/total number of samples belonging to the ith species in the dataset (Fufa, et. al., 2020).
The text size of formula should be similar with normal text size.The formula should be placed in the middle and serial number on the right.For example: H' = − ∑ ln (1) Furthermore, Shannon meets several of the important properties of a diversity measure (Sherwin et. al., 2017), including the following: 1) When the species abundances are even, H' has its maximum value 2) For two even communities, the one with more species has a higher H' 3) H' is completely additive in a hierarchy, such as in local areas within a larger area within a continent Diversity index in Kokolomboi Biodiversity Conservation Park is measured based on the monitoring of flora and fauna species every semester from 2021 to 2023 involving Banggai Islands District Environmental Agency, Kokolomboi Biodiversity Conservation Park Management Team, local community, and beekeeping farmers.The diversity index of flora and fauna in year 2021 used as baseline for the program.Though Kokolomboi Biodiversity Conservation Park are divided into several areas based on its elevation, diversity index in this program is not measured from flora and fauna monitored in each area based on elevation, but rather as a whole area of Kokolomboi Biodiversity Conservation Park with a total area of 13,68 ha.

Implementation Each Year
Before the positive impacts observed, there are several implementations of community empowerment and stakeholder engagement over a span of approximately 4 years until this journal published.This activity aims to provide communities with the skills needed for sustainable natural resource and environmental management.

Protection of Primary Forests from Degradation
Activities involving the propagation and planting of endemic plants at critical points have enhanced the sustainability of the ecosystem within the conservation area.Reforestation efforts, coupled with community education, have facilitated smoother conservation efforts.This shift in community behavior and awareness towards forest conservation acts as a social barrier that safe-guards and enhances the integrity of the Kokolomboi Biodiversity Park's ecosystem.The primary task of the program's facilitators is to maintain the balance between ecological and social aspects within the scope of conserving the Kokolomboi Biodiversity Park.

Increase in Biodiversity Index
Flora and fauna census results were analyzed to obtain the Shannon-Wiener biodiversity index value of 0.08 (previously the Fauna Diversity Index was 3.219; now 3.279), and the Flora Diversity Index increased from 4.11 to 4.14.This increase in the biodiversity index for both flora and fauna demonstrates that the efforts to protect the ecosystem within the Kokolomboi Biodiversity Park have positively impacted the preservation of in-situ endemic species within the area.

Increase in Income of the Beekeeping Community of Kokolomboi Biodiversity Park
Below is the gross annual earning.The net benefit is further reduced by packaging costs, shipping, transportation, and other operational expenses.Broadly, the beekeeping community re-ceive an additional profit of approximately Rp 9,832,244.00/month.

Conclusions
This community empowerment program has achieved significant milestones from year to year in various aspects: 1) Empowerment of 30 members of the Tourism Awareness Group (Pokdarwis).
3) Active participation of 30 households in Leme-Leme Darat Village in environmental preservation.12) Expansion of partnerships and collaborations across sectors.
This community empowerment program represents a new breakthrough by integrating various approaches to benefit different sectors and create positive shifts in mindset and behavior of the community, leading to positive impacts on social and environmental aspects of life.This aligns perfectly with the goals of ESG (Environment, Social, and Governance), which advocate for sustainable business efforts.This community empowerment program has become an iconic symbol of protecting endemic flora and fauna.It has even been replicated in 7 other biodiversity conservation areas within Banggai Kepulauan Regency.Furthermore, it has emerged as a strategic research and study location for academics, both locally and internationally.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Environmentally friendly beekeeping method and Mapping of Endemic Plants and Wildlife Collaboration with Banggai Islands District Environmental Agency, Kokolomboi Nature Conservation Area Tourism Awareness Group, and Leme-Leme Darat Village Government.Based on morphological blocks, this mapping endeavor developed a database of wildlife distribution.The information was used to create strategic strategies and annual work plans b.Group Revitalization and Strengthening Institutional Capacity The focus was on preparing conservation implementers.Recognizing that many people regard conservation as exclusively ecological, integrating the community and indigenous institutions becomes critical for achieving the best conservation results c. Education and Awareness on Nature Conservation Societal practices like illegal logging and hunting wildlife have persisted due to a lack of understanding.Through awareness campaigns, the program aimed to elevate community consciousness about ecosystems and the significance of preserving them.The District Environmental Agency of Banggai Islands and local Village Government were involved in these activities.3.1.2Year 2021 a. MoU Signing for Cooperation Between PEP Donggi Matindok Field and Banggai Islands District Environmental Agency MoU number 1640/PPC82330/2021-S0 and 4/MoU/2021 on the Development of the Kokolomboi Biodiversity Park.This initiative represents both the company's and the government's commitment to collaborating on environmental protection, namely the preservation of the Kokolomboi Biodiversity Park.The company and the government share responsibility for the success of conservation activities under this MoU.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. MoU signing between PEP Donggi Matindok field and Banggai islands district environmental agency

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Assistance of climate village program

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. Expansion of climate village program

4)
Over 60 foreign tourists have visited Kokolomboi Biodiversity Park.5) Increase in the population of Peleng Tarsier from 18 individuals monitored in 2021 to 46 individuals monitored in 2023.6) Increase in the population of Banggai Crow from 4 individuals monitored in 2021 to 8 individuals monitored in 2023.7) Increase in the biodiversity index of flora (Shannon-Wiener Index) from 4.38 to 4.51 through 2021-2023.8) Increase in the biodiversity index of fauna (Shannon-Wiener Index) from 3.55 to 3.75 through 2021-2023.9) Empowerment of beekeeping groups with a total income of IDR 2.4 billion per year.10) Income per member of the beekeeping groups: IDR 9.8 million per person per month.11) Nomination for the Sustainable Climate Village Program in 2023.

Table 1 .
Stakeholders and their involvement

Table 2 .
Lists of endemic species planted in Kokolomboi biodiversity park

Table 2 .
Sales revenue of honeybee selling Increased Community Awareness about the Importance of the Kokolomboi Biodiversity Park Ecosystem for the Local CommunityThe positive effects felt by the communities surrounding the Kokolomboi Biodiversity Park have raised their understanding of the importance of forest ecosystem protection.Local communities have stopped illegal logging within the protected forest area and are now actively involved in conservation activities.This frequently entails planting native plants within the Kokolomboi Biodiversity Park.Local people are currently involved in forest preservation and are spreading conservation activities to Kokolomboi's adjacent areas.In compliance with Ministry of Environment and Forestry standards, the Kokolomboi Biodiversity Park contributed to climate change adaptation and mitigation in 2021.As a result, Leme-Leme Darat Village got the Ministry's Primary Climate Village Program (Proklim) Award the following year.In 2022, the Proklim initiative was expanded to four villages around Leme-Leme Darat: Bakalan Village in Tinangkung Sub-district, Bungin Village in Tinangkung Sub-district, Ambelang Village in Tinakung Sub-district, and Manggalai Village in Tinakung Sub-district.In 2022, all four communities got the Primary Proklim Award by the Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry.