Roles of Managers and Stakeholders Perception on Solar Technology Adoption Intention: A Case of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Lagos State, Nigeria

Powers shortages is rampant in Africa of which Nigeria is not an exception and solar technology as a viable alternative source of electricity which would mitigate this problem has meted slow adoption. This study aimed to explore the impact of mindset/attitude from Theory of planned behavior (TPB), Disruptive Innovation Theory (DIA), awareness-knowledge, opportunity and barrier over managers (owners) of MSMEs intention to adopt solar technology for their businesses. A questionnaire was administrated to collect data from a sample of 400 managers (owners) of MSMEs respondents’ in Lagos State, Nigeria. A multivariate technique was applied to test the hypotheses using Structural Equation Modeling (AMOS-23). The findings showed that mindset/attitude, (DIA) and opportunity have a significant impact on solar technology intention, however, awareness-knowledge and barrier were not significant. These independent variables explained 71% variance of the dependent variable intention. In addition, DIA was found to have a significant impact on opportunity, barrier and mindset/attitude however, barrier on mindset/attitude was not significant. These findings not only provide evidence for MSMEs strategic planning to ensure sustainable business growth for their businesses but also provide new knowledge to policy and decision makers, the manufacturing & installation (suppliers) companies and other stakeholders for renewable energy as a part of long term sustainable development.


Introduction
There have been many instances or suppositions regarding the factors that motivates or hinders the small businesses and households towards the adoption of solar technology and insulation (LTD, 2006). To ensure that suitable suppliers, technicians, and government policies are designed to encourage businesses to adopt such solar technology, it is critical to know why currently the attitude and perception to use the technology is not improving despite the power supply shortages in developing countries and Nigeria in this context (Guzmán-Alfonso & Guzmán-Cuevas, 2012). Certainly, understanding the reason why the attitude is not changing makes it possible to determine how to re-strategize by the stakeholders involved, this includes the government, the manufacturing & installation (suppliers) companies, and the MSMEs managers (owners). However, the focus here is investigating the managers (owners) of MSME's solar technology adoption intention which will be beneficial to other stakeholders as identified for effective policies from the energy consumer's perspective. LTD (2006) report noted that achieving success in solar adoption, suppliers plays a very important role because, they attribute to the level of access of the product, provide the technical assistance, create awareness and provide necessary knowledge about the product through information availability which will trigger a decision to invest in solar energy technology (Board, 2020). However, the Governments' role is nonetheless essential as well, it creates the demand for solar technology through incentives and/or obligations. The Government also plays the facilitator's role of choice by MSMEs through the provision of information and creating a conducive macro environment for businesses. Consequentially, making potential solar technology adopters aware of the benefits associated with the product and attempting to change their behavior and perception (K. K. Chen, 2014;Claudy, Garcia, & O'Driscoll, 2015;Claudy, Peterson, & O'driscoll, 2013;Wolske, Stern, & Dietz, 2017) and providing fiscal channels for instance, the application of tax reductions and subsidies to promote the technology as a viable alternative energy source is vital Secondly, social impact is the effect of renewable energy to MSMEs and individuals in Nigeria in terms of the benefits. Social impact is defined by Sheikh, Kocaoglu, and Lutzenhiser (2016) as "the consequences of human populations of any public or private actions that alter the ways in which people live, work, play, relate to one another, organize to meet their needs and generally cope as member of society". Sakolsatayatorn (2018) noted that society are impacted by the renewable energy policies which influences the MSMEs adoption intention decisions. Sheikh et al. (2016) asserted that social impact factors like public behavior, their attitude or perception influences renewable energy adoption intention. All these notions from way of life and perceptions have altered the solar technology adoption intention because it is deeply interwoven. The public have negative view on solar technology, and some are unaware of its benefits, and this creates a mismatch of information between stakeholders. So, this research intended to incorporate this factor to explore from this perspective, the influence on predicting solar technology adoption intention in the context of Nigeria.
Thirdly, from sustainable development perspective, energy is the most essential issues for sustainable development (Oyedepo, 2014). According to Bazmi and Zahedi (2011) "Sustainable development is a changing process, circuiting investment, orientating technology and institution for compatible with the needs of the present and the future". The overall improvement of economic issue, social, and political structures as mentioned earlier, needs to go along with sustainability plan as a master architecture for lasting solutions to energy crisis of Nigeria (SDGs No. 7 -Affordable and clean energy, UN Assembly, 2015). According to United Nations Facts Sheet on Climate Change (UN, 2006 2 ), Africa is the most vulnerable among all the continents to the impact and risks of climate change. These risks and impact are as a result of increasing energy demand (Alabi, Ackah, & Lartey, 2017) for business purposes and households consumption. Although it is important to emphasis that, Africa is not a significant source of greenhouse gas emission, they are to adopt the mechanisms that promotes greener products (e.g., solar technology) for sustainable growth (UNFCCC). Acknowledging the solar energy technology growth is vital for sustainable growth in Africa, as the continent is on the crossroads of poor energy provision. More than 620 million people have been estimated in Sub-Saharan Africa to have no access to steady and uninterrupted electricity for business or households' purposes (An African Energy Industry Report, 2018 3 ). This vacuum has resulted in people sourcing for energy alternatives that are available and economically efficient. Evidently, (e.g., Bachtiar, 2006;Loveldy, Ismail, & Jubaedah, 2021) stated that solar technology has been acknowledged to be safe, boundless, and non-polluting reliable alternative energy source. However, despite advances in technology, in Nigeria, Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME's) still rely heavily on fossil fuel stand-alone generator for electricity source. Although investment in solar technology is rapidly growing and the importance of the adoption intention could never have been more emphasized for all the problems identified in this study. Reliance on fossil fuel generating set is not a sustainable source of electricity and certainly not efficient. A sustainable source of energy like solar technology provides energy that are environmentally friendly, more efficient, and economically viable as it meets the present energy needs without compromising the future needs (Stritih et al., 2015). Therefore, from these perspectives, power shortage in Nigeria is affecting business activities, so adopting solar technology as an alternative source of electricity is vital. However, from Global Market Outlook: Europe (2017), Africa and Nigeria in particular are not embracing the solar technology despite the advancement in the battery and cheaper cost. Hence, it is imperative to understand the attitude and perception, knowledge-awareness, perceived opportunities or barriers and the role of disruptive innovation activities of the MSMEs managers (owners) as energy consumers towards solar energy technology adoption intention and provide recommendations to the stakeholders concerned.   (Alam et al., 2014;Kim, Park, Kwon, Ohm, & Chang, 2014;Loveldy et al., 2021). Several others have also studied disruptive innovation as a motivating factor of intention (Amuzu-Sefordzi, Martinus, Tschakert, & Wills, 2018;J. Chen, Zhu, & Zhang, 2017;Muza & Debnath, 2021;Petzold, Landinez, & Baaken, 2019). However almost all the previous studies focused on household's solar adoption only. Few literatures have been done on disruptive innovation technology as a motivating factor of intention. In response to this research gap, this present study combines the behavioral factors, the social factors from government policies, as well as the disruptive innovation factor on intention of MSMEs managers (owners) based on the business level rather than households. Additionally, most of the literatures about disruptive innovation and intention to adopt solar technology were conducted using qualitative research method. This present research used quantitative research method to contribute empirically to the ongoing literature. Furthermore, limited studies have been done on the opportunities (reasons to adopt) or barrier (reason against adoption) of solar technology in Nigeria, these are all the areas that this present research aimed to cover and contributed to the ongoing literature. Moreover, (e.g., Claudy et al., 2013;Kim et al., 2014;Loveldy et al., 2021;Yergin, 2012) emphasized the importance of further studies on solar technology adoption intention to understand the potential users' perceptions and reasons to or not to adopt solar energy technology.

The Features of MSMEs in Lagos State Nigeria
MSMEs are imperative for economic development, growth, and job creation which needed a robust support for sustainable development and for improving the living standards and poverty alleviation (Ebitu et al., 2016). The scope of this study Lagos State is the smallest in Nigeria hitherto, but it has the highest urban population. Based on the " 4 UN-Habitat and international development agencies estimates", Lagos State has around 24.6 million people in 2015. According to lagosstate.gov.ng 5 , "the population of the state is growing 10 times faster than that of 32 African nations population combined, New York and Los Angeles". Lagos State is Nigeria's commercial hub and it remains the focal point of economic activities as it plays a pivotal role in the Nigerian economy. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Lagos is reported to be around 26.7% of total GDP which is NGN27.125trillion ($145.141billion in monitory terms) in 2016 according to Lagos Bureau of Statistics. The estimated number of MSMEs in Nigeria is at 36,994,578 with a total employment of 57,836,391 and contributing 46.54% to the GDP in nominal terms. Among these indicators, only Lagos State contributes roughly 27% to GDP with 3,224,324 million MSMEs businesses in the State which employed 5,577,011 million people according to (Ebitu et al., 2016;SMEDAN, 2013). These are the considerations for using Lagos State to study the managers (owners) attitude-behavior and motivational factors to adopt solar technology for their MSMEs businesses in Nigeria.

An Overview of Solar Technology in Nigeria
Nigeria and most African countries are located near the equator, making solar system an attractive alternative energy source (Aliyu, Dada, & Adam, 2015). Solar technology can be a singular solution to the world's energy need and the trend of installation is increasing elsewhere apart from Africa (Global Market Outlook: Europe, 2017). Solar technology is even more suitable for Nigeria's energy needs as almost all renewable energies originated directly or indirectly from the sun (Ohunakin, Adaramola, Oyewola, & Fagbenle, 2014). This study focused on "Photovoltaic systems" (PV) that converts sunlight to electricity. This kind of solar energy system is installed on top of the building's roof generally to generate power for businesses and households. The benefits of solar technology are numerous for instance, it provides a proven source of electricity using technology that has no emissions in operation, and it is readily used in urban environments without requiring additional land use which is good for MSMEs who mostly use rented spaces (Faiers, 2009). Solar power in Nigeria is gaining market momentum although it is relatively new, only forward-looking businesses have been able to identify and capture the opportunity for their business. Nigeria is in a region where sunlight is distributed evenly throughout the year (Ohunakin et al., 2014). According to Ohunakin et al. (2014) the estimate of "annual daily average of total solar radiation varies from about 12.6 MJ/m2/day (3.5 kWh/m2/day) in the coastal region to about 25.2 MJ/m2/day (7.0 kWh/m2/day) in the far north, thus making her to have an estimated 17,459,215.2 million MJ/day (17.439 TJ/day) of solar energy falling on its 923,768 km2 land area". "Provided there is an estimated average of 18.9 MJ/m2/day (5.3 kWh/m2/day) over a whole year, an average of 6,372,613 PJ/year (E1770 thousand Tw/year) of solar energy is estimated to fall on the entire land area" (ibid). From these information, Nigeria has sufficient solar radiation to generate viable electricity for both businesses and households usage (Ugulu & Aigbayboa, 2019). The enormous energy supply problems faced by Nigerians is insurmountable. The government's inability to show commitment through effective policies to stimulate and encourage more private investment into the energy sector is alarming (Doe & Emmanuel, 2014;Mkhwanazi, 2003). Policies can create opportunities or barriers through government political will, legislative, regulatory, and legal issues governing renewable energies. To emphasize on political issues in the energy sector, (e.g., Abdullahi et al., 2021) noted that the political will through policies for good governance and frameworks to drive the potential solar technological elements into reality is lacking. Nigeria's political elites have conflicting interest in developing and managing alternative sources of power especially renewable energy like solar technology, as a result, the adoption of the technology on a large scale project by the government is low (Ozoegwu, Mgbemene, & Ozor, 2017

.3 Theoretical Background and Conceptual Model
Different theories like the theory of planned behavior (TPB), innovation diffusion theory (IDT), theory of rational action (TRA) etc. have been adopted by different scholars to examine the behavioral and psychological factors affecting the public solar technology adoption intention. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Disruptive Innovation Theory (DIT) and other variables derived from literature were adopted and integrated to examine MSMEs manager's (owner's) intention towards adoption of solar technology in Lagos State, Nigeria. This section explored all the variable adopted in this study. In this regard, the concept of solar technology adoption intention, according to Hai (2021) refers to "a course of action or plan that an actor considers necessary, and thus intends to undertake to accomplish a certain behavior". Faiers (2009) stated that "the adoption of innovations is a point in time when the adopter of an innovation decides to use the innovation in question". Intention is defined as a motivational factor and willingness of a person to engage in certain behavior (Ajzen & Fishbein, 2005). Attitude towards solar technology from theory of planned behavior (TPB) is defined as "the perceived level of positive and negative impressions toward acting on the particular behavior" (Ajzen & Fishbein, 2005). They stated that attitude is a predisposition learned to respond in a certain way either as favorable or unfavorable to a given object. For businesses and policy decision-makers, understanding the factors and the psychological processes of the attitude towards solar renewable energy adoption is vital (Claudy et al., 2013). Jorns (2020) and Kim et al. (2014) found attitude towards solar technology have a positive relationship adoption intention. From policy support and perceived benefits as opportunities, Emodi and Ebele (2016) noted that opportunity to adopt solar technology is influenced by many factors including; government regulations, capital investment, fiscal incentives and policy strategy as environmental support programs. Scholars have identified benefits as a key factor that influence solar technology adoption intention. For instance, Caird, Roy, and Herring (2008) stated that the adopters of renewable solar energy do so for many reasons; they found that the main drivers of adoption intention were saving energy, reducing fuel bills and concern for the environment. Loveldy et al. (2021) also found reasons for (or against) solar technology adoption to significantly impact attitude towards behavior and intention. In addition, lack of policy support and perceived cost as barriers have been one of the major component in solar adoption intention. Despite the significant advancement in solar technology that reduces the overall cost, the up-front (initial and maintenance cost) payment is still considered to be a barrier according to (Board, 2020) especially to micro and small businesses in a financially constrained economy like Nigeria. Loveldy et al. (2021) noted that potential solar technology adopters may decide to adopt or not the technology due to the lack of funds. The MSME's who are the end users of renewable solar energy technology in this present study encounters different challenges in accessing credits and the limited availability of micro financing both from the government and commercial institutions in Nigeria. If smaller businesses intend to adopt solar technology using credit financing, they are faced with high interest rates and unsupportive vendors who by themselves are also facing similar barrier (Efurumibe, 2013). Reddy and Painuly (2004) found that financial (perceived cost) and economic barrier, institutional and regulatory barrier, and awareness and information barrier affect adoption intention.
Awareness-knowledge of solar technology is defined as "the degree to which users are conscious of the current new technology benefits and its weaknesses and they can keep track of updates on new technologies" (Board, 2020). Awareness-knowledge plays a key role in technology adoption, for instance, Rogers and Shoemaker (2001) postulated that consumers go through "a series of processes in knowledge, conviction, decision and confirmation before they are ready to adopt a new product or service". Several studies found that awareness-knowledge influence adoption intention (Alam et al., 2014;Board, 2020;Rezaei & Ghofranfarid, 2018). Rezaei and Ghofranfarid (2018) found a positive relationship between knowledge-awareness and adoption intention. Finally, disruptive innovation (DI) is defined as "a technology, product or process that creeps up from below an existing business and threatens to displace it" (Christensen & Bower, 1996). Thomond, Herzberg, and Lettice (2003) stated that "disruptive innovation, disruptive technologies and disruptive business strategies are emerging and increasingly becoming a prominent business term that are used to describe a form of revolutionary change". Sadiq, Hussain, and Naseem (2020) indicated that DI can change the market status que dramatically and overturn the incumbents by creating new market dynamics. DI technology as having an influence on managers (owners) of MSME's perception to adopt solar technology because of their perceived intrinsic value for operational efficiency and effectiveness rather than the bubble (Siegel, 2003). DI technology can either be perceived as an opportunity or threat to MSMEs businesses depending on the disruptive innovation activities of the business manager (owner). In this sense, if managers (owners) recognized DI as an opportunity with potential benefits to his or her business, it motivates and gives the managers (owners) reason(s) to adopt solar technology and vice versa. Sadiq et al. (2020) defined disruptive innovation activities (DIA) as a synchronize and focused efforts that strain on exploiting or at least initiating the DI process. Both internal and external factors have influenced managers (owners) of MSMEs DIA. The external factor indicates government support through the introduction of favorable innovative environment and the internal factors is the personality attributes, technology inclination and the willingness to adopt innovative product. Moreover, Sadiq and Hussain (2018) emphasized that managers (owners) of MSMEs DIA are anticipated to nurture and generate DI. The research model and the hypotheses relationships are given in Figure 3:

Research Design Target Population and Pilot Testing
A research strategy is the overall coordination of how the research is conducted which can be based on either a quantitative or a qualitative strategy (Bell, Bryman, & Harley, 2018;Bryman, 2006). Therefore, a quantitative method was adopted using a cross-sectional survey where data was collected at one point in time. According to (Zikmund, Babin, Carr, & Griffin, 2003)  testing. A total 450 questionnaires were collected through an online survey, however, after removing the outliers using Mahalanobis distance (Mahalanobis, 1936), 400 survey responses were used for the data analysis after the data cleaning process. The datasets contained no missing data as respondents could not submit the survey unless they have filled in all the questions in the questionnaire. Data collected includes seven parts relating to the profile information questions and intention, attitude, opportunities, barrier, awareness-knowledge, and DIA measurements. The measured items are presented in Table.3 with the sources. Managers (owners) were asked to identify their opinion on each item of 5-point Likert scale as follows: 1= "strongly disagree"; 2= "disagree"; 3= "neither agree nor disagree"; 4= "agree"; and 5= "strongly agree".

Sampling Procedures and Sample Size
Sampling procedure is the process of selecting a set of individuals able to represent the whole population from the targeted population that the proponent wished study (McDonald, Gan, Fraser, Oke, & Anderson, 2015). The sampling technique are classified as probability or non-probability (Saunders, Lewis, & Thornhill, 2016). A sample size of 400 MSMEs managers (owners) were chosen using convenience sampling from non-probability technique because random sampling was not feasible for the scope which makes other research methods impractical (Creswell & Creswell, 2017). Yamane (1967) formula is used to calculate the sample size because the population is finite and known.
The formula is given:  'e' is the level of precision or level significance (limit of tolerable error)  '1' = unity (constant) 1 5,577,011 1 5,577,011 0.05 400

Measurement of Validity, Reliability and Covariates
To confirm the measurements used in this research, a face validity and construct validity which includes discriminant validity and convergent validity were examined. The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the faculty members at National Institute of Development Administration (NIDA) and NIDA ethical committees. Whereas the construct validity and the convergent validity were confirmed through confirmatory factor loadings (CFA) greater than 0.5, the average variance extracted (AVE) higher than 0.5, and composite reliability (CR) bigger than 0.7 as suggested by (Hair Jr, Hult, Ringle, & Sarstedt, 2021). The discriminant validity was examined by comparing "the square root of average variance extracted (AVE) with the correlation of itself to other variables" (ibid). "The square root of AVE of the construct has to be greater than any correlation that is involved". Regarding the CR and AVE see Figure.4, the CFA see Table.3 & Figure.5 and the overall model goodness of fit, various indices were employed in this research see Table.4. The model fit criteria was adopted from Meyers, Gamst, and Guarino (2016, p. 559) and Graphic Software of AMOS-23 was used to analyze the data. The chi-square test is sensitive to sample size, however if the model degree of freedom otherwise known as the relative chi-square did not exceed 5.0 it would be assumed to demonstrate a reasonable fit (Kline, 2015). All of these criteria were met, hence, no issue of validity and reliability in the construct.

Descriptive Results: Demographic Profile
Out of the 400 samples analyzed, 41.3% were both manager and owner of their businesses which are mostly service business (50.8%). Most of the respondents age ranged from 41 to 50 years of age (34%) and between 31 to 40 (28%) respectively. The gender was proportionately distributed with males slightly higher (54.3%) and female (45.8%). Regarding the business size, most of the managers (owners) are micro see (table 2.1) business with less than 10 employees (72.3%) and they mostly use stand-alone generator and national grid (PHCN) electricity as their main source of power. Additionally, the experience as how long they have been in business is mostly 1 to 10 years (48.5%) and 11 to 20 years (39.5%) respectively.

Measurement and Structural Models Estimation
After testing the overall goodness of fit for the model i.e. the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA: standardized factors loadings of the observed variables above 0.5 was retained for further analysis, whereas the observed variables below 0.5 was dropped) see Table.3, the AVE and CR as depicted in Figure.4, the model fitness indices indicated either good or excellent fit, therefore, the model fitted well for the data. Graphic Software of AMOS-23 was used to analyze the data and perform the structural equation modeling (SEM). Additionally, the structural model estimation validates the relationship between the dependent variable of research (solar technology adoption intention) and the independent variables of awareness-knowledge, attitude, opportunities, barrier and DIA. As shown in Table.4, apart from chi-square significant indicator that lacks a goodness of fit which is sensitive to sample size, the model passed the overall goodness of fit based on other criteria. The results showed that the five independent variables explained approximately 71% of the variances of solar technology adoption intention (Fig.6).

Discussion and Conclusion
The importance of solar technology (Photovoltaic systems-PV) as a viable alternative to mitigate the problem of power shortages cannot be overemphasized because of the vital role of necessity it intends to play for business activities and everyday lives in Nigeria. More than 620 million people have been estimated in Sub-Saharan Africa to have no access to steady and uninterrupted electricity for business or households' purposes (An African Energy Industry Report, 2018 6 ) hence, the insights from this study can be used in the Nigerian context as well as other African nations with similar power predicaments. This study contributes not only by strengthening the existing literature in solar technology adoption but also provides planners and policy-makers with relevant information for developing renewable energy policy for MSMEs in Nigeria. This study argued that solar technology can disrupt the energy sector particularly, the fossil fuel stand-alone generators in Nigeria because of the benefits of solar technology as mentioned earlier. Therefore, this study examined the factors influencing managers (owners) of MSMEs intention to adopt solar technology because of the important role that MSMEs plays in the economy.
According to the result, was supported (β=0.705; p<0.001), attitude has a significant positive effect on solar technology adoption intention. The findings are consistent with the previous research (Jorns, 2020;Kim et al., 2014;. This means that managers (owners) have a positive mindset about solar technology and if given the opportunity, they intend to adopt solar technology. Evidently, from the results of the data analysis, opportunities positively impacted the manager's (owner's) mindset/attitude towards solar technology (β=0.203; p<0.001) hence, was confirm and supported. Previous studies confirm these results (for instance, Ajah, 2019;Caird et al., 2008;Loveldy et al., 2021;Mills & Schleich, 2012;Parsad et al., 2020;Walters et al., 2018) suggested that government policy support creates an environment that managers (owners) of MSMEs perceived as opportunities which activates their reason to adopt solar technology. Additional, perceived benefits of the new technology in terms of functionality, independent from national grid, efficiency and effectiveness in improving business activities impacted their attitude towards solar technology. However, result indicated that barrier (reasons against adoption) has no statistical significance at (β=0.014; p>0.05), therefore, was rejected. This indicated that managers (owners) of MSMEs perceived lack of government support policies creating environmental barrier and perceived cost does not negatively influence their mindset/attitude towards solar technology. The result does not conform to Claudy et al. (2015) however, the authors stated that reason for and against adoption as barrier influences buyer's decisions in a dissimilar way and it has significant implications for managers and other stakeholders, this happens because, reasons for and against solar technology adoption are not contrasting, but they are different constructs which influences managers (owners) mindset/attitude towards solar adoption in different ways. Also, the result does not align with (Parsad et al., 2020;Reddy & Painuly, 2004) that found barriers (e.g., financial barrier) to influence attitude and solar technology adoption intention and Loveldy et al. (2021) findings that suggested the reasons against adoption significantly impact mindset/attitude towards solar technology. The reason may be because of the differences in the unit of analysis, most of the previous studies are based on households whereas, this study is on MSMEs. The business usage and purpose differs from households and the availability of the national grid, the environmental concern issues differs in different context. result revealed that there is a statistical significant positive relationship between opportunities and solar technology adoption intention (β=0.373; p< 0.001) and was sustained. It implied managerially that when managers (owners) of MSMEs perceived benefits concerning solar technology is positive, they tend to see the new technology as an opportunity to be exploited and therefore, as expected, it influences their solar technology adoption intention. This result aligned with the findings of previous studies like (Board, 2020;Claudy et al., 2015;Kim et al., 2014;Parsad et al., 2020;Walters et al., 2018).
was rejected (β=-0.031; p> 0.05), this meant that manager (owners) of MSMEs perceived lack of government policy support barrier and the perceived initial cost and maintenance cost does not negatively influence solar technology adoption intention. Essentially, perceived barrier would not reduce the tendency for managers (owners) of MSMEs solar technology adoption intention. The suggestion is that, even when solar technology is being perceived as expensive innovation, it does not impact the adoption intention. This findings does not complement the findings of the previous literatures for instance, (Abdullahi et al., 2021;Board, 2020;Caird et al., 2008;Kim et al., 2014;Loveldy et al., 2021;Parsad et al., 2020;Walters et al., 2018) found financial barrier and or perceived cost to significantly influence intention to adopt solar technology. Again, the reasons might be because the differences in the unit of analysis, usage purpose differs from businesses and households and the availability of the national grid, the environmental concern issues differs in different context. was supported (β= 0.694; p<0.001), it suggested that managers (owners) of MSMEs who are more interested in trying new technology (solar technology) to improve their business efficiency and effectiveness do so base on their perceived benefits that the new technology will bring to their business, so they exploit the DIA process. This result aligned with previous studies results (e.g., J. Chen et al., 2017) which postulated that managers (owners) innovation willingness promotes low end disruptive innovation. They advocated that managers (owners) of SMEs who are positively inclined towards innovative product pays more attention to the innovation and invest more on such innovation. Similarly, was confirmed and supported (β= 0.709; p<0.001), the findings suggested that managers (owners) of MSMEs DIA negatively influence their perceived lack of government support policies creating environmental barrier as well as perceived cost. This means, even if the managers (owners) intends to adopt solar technology to improve their business efficiency, they are worried about the barrier. This might hinder the DIA process, even if managers (owners) that are technologically inclined tends not to adopt solar technology when the perceived barrier is high. In order words, DIA would reduce the propensity of managers (owners) of MSMEs perceived barrier. The result of this study conform with J. Chen et al. (2017) empirical findings that suggested that barrier (lack government support) is a key factors influencing high end disruptive innovation in SMEs in China. The result of was supported (β= -0.124; p<0.05), it suggested that managers (owners) of MSMEs who are more inclined towards innovative products for their business efficiency tends to have intention to adopt solar technology. This findings complimented the finding of (Goodstein & Lovins, 2019) which suggested that for economic reasons particularly for MSMEs, solar technology will provide around 50% of electric power generation globally by the year 2030. It also complemented the findings of (Osiyevskyy & Dewald, 2015) and (Habtay, 2012) that stated that technology is not disruptive on its own but the disruptive personality of managers in capturing and taking the opportunity of the technology to improve a business model drives the adoption intention. The result of was supported (β= 0.17; p<0.010), the findings denoted that manager (owners) DIA influences their attitude and behavior with regards to solar technology. It signified that manager (owners) of MSMEs who are motivated towards innovative products like solar tends to have a positive attitude towards solar technology. Concurring to this findings, Thompson, Ajiboye, Oluwamide, and Oyenike (2021) found the attributes of solar technology makes it attractive and one of the reasons the respondents preferred solar technology. The attributes which includes availability, affordability and accessibility could trigger DIA process based on mangers (owners) mindset/attitude towards solar technology.
was also supported (β =0.589; p<0.001) and in agreement with Rezaei and Ghofranfarid (2018) findings, however, was not supported (β=-0.019; p>.05). This indicated that managers (owners) awareness-knowledge about solar technology significantly influence manager's (owner's) mindset/attitude towards solar technology as found in but not necessarily transpiring to adoption intention of solar technology. The reason may be because, managers (owners) are aware of the benefits of the technology for their business and have a good knowledge about its functions but are concerned about the barriers associated with the technology such as; lack of incentives from government in Nigeria context as evidenced by (Ebitu et al., 2016), perceived initial and maintenance cost etc. and this might dissuade them from having a positive intention to adopt solar technology.

Limitations
This study is a case study of Lagos State in Nigeria which suggests that the analysis of the result may be difficult to generalize, therefore, future studies may explore different states and or adopt a comparative model in terms of solar renewable energy technology in different African nations for more improved discoveries. Moreover, this study utilized quantitative method with a proposed conceptual model, hence, there is a possibility that a number of essential variable and relationships were missed in the research model. Lastly, a mixed method approach with different samples quantitatively and qualitative data obtained from interviews or focus group discussion is important for a more composed results and imperative implications.

Recommendations as Practical Contribution
According to African Energy Industry Report 7 , between 2015 and 2030 the economic growth in Africa is predicted at 7% per year on average but the growth will vary across five African regions. For these forecast to materialized in Africa, Nigeria in this context needs to restructure its energy policy by deploying modern renewable energy technologies to eradicate power supply shortages. There is no sustainable development without an energy mix. As identified earlier, economic sustainable development depends on a mixed energy sources. An increase in economic activities spur industrial growth through MSMEs and entrepreneurs which brings sustainable development and reduces poverty. However, these are all dependent on the policy choices and political will of the government as well as non-governmental organizations that plays a vital role in energy sector in Nigeria as depicted in Table 2. The potential of solar technology to transform Nigeria's industrial sector and creating economic competitiveness of MSMEs is critical because of the importance of a reliable and affordable energy for this business sector that have been pushed to resorting to expensive diesel stand-alone generators for power source. Therefore, it is recommended that the government of Nigeria and other stakeholder do the following based on the results of this research: -Develop policy that integrates solar technology into the energy master plan and prioritize it because of its ease of use and immediate impact on MSMEs -There is discrepancy in the messaging about the available policies and its intended benefits to end users and suppliers as evidenced in the results of this research, therefore, the government and its agencies should create awareness on renewable energy and communicate the benefits as well as the incentives available to potential users if any to reduce the perceived barrier -A clear and comprehensible energy policy that guides the MSMEs and citizens towards solar technology to harness as an efficient energy resources and viable alternative for power shortages -Creating and promoting energy-efficient policies among the manufacturing & installation (suppliers) companies of energy generation that will attract FDI -Government should encourage investors through fiscal and financial incentives -Solar technology policies should target MSMEs for commercial purposes the same way it has concentrated on households implementation -Government should establish a solar technology energy funding (financing)

Recommendations as Practical Contribution to the Business, Donors and NGO
-There have been a tremendous support from the international community to empower Africa and women through solar technology for instance, the USaid.gov -However, creating and establishing manufacturing based in Nigeria and utilizing the talents will make an additional impact in economic sustainable development and poverty eradication -This is similar to what South Africa laboratory for renewable energy technologies provides and could be replicated in a massive scale to make impact by equipping African people to be able to stand on their own -Businesses and NGO's should create a platform integration of renewable energy systems and partner with MSMEs directly rather than working with only government agencies to facilitate creative awareness for adoption -The manufacturing & installation (suppliers) companies should train qualified installers, designers, electricians etc. who work in the solar system supply chain and provide technical advice to solar technology adopters

Recommendations as Practical Contribution to the Academics/Academia's
-More research is needed in the area of solar technology and the motivational factors for potential adopter to recommend to stakeholders -There is also a necessity to research solar adoption on MSMEs particularly as most of the research are based on household's usage. There is significant difference between business and households' usage as found in this research, however, more studies in different context is needed -Additionally, exploring solar renewable energy adoption through the lens of DIA and in different context is an area that require more attention in the literature