Environmental Soil Quality Research as Prediction for Sustainable Orchards Cultivation in Southern Serbia

Soil quality is one of the main environmental conditions for successful and sustainable orchards cultivation. The main role of the soil is reflected in its production activities or productivity. Soil fertility implies content available nutrients, such as individual elements, pH and humus. The research of soil quality leads to certain conclusions about which soil is suitable for growing crops. The investigation of soil quality for Pcinja District in southern Serbia is performed, with the goal to complete environmental conditions for cultivation of the most suitable crops. The methods that were used for the analysis of the soil in the laboratory are: chemical and Al-methods and calibration and potentiometric, spectrophotometric, photometric. For potentiometric method pH meter, spectrophotometer classic which is determined by phosphorus and Flame Photometar device that determines potassium are used. The results in this paper show high quality land for sustainable growing fruit crops.


Introduction
The soils of the Vranje area have diverse productive properties.They are represented by two groups: agentic creations and genetic constructs.In agentic creations come skeleton, skeletoidal land formations and alluvial-diluvial deposits.Genetic constructs are represented by soil types: forest soil and its varieties, "smonica" and its varieties, "podzol" and traces mountain black soil.Genetic constructs occupy from 22% to 25% of the total area of Vranje region.Agenetic creations cover a large part of the area and occupy about 75% of the surface area.Gajnjača, smonica and podzol occupy an intermediate altitude of Vranje area and the tilting courts are eroded.Black soils are represented on the courts and in an area with sparse forests.In order to plant anything better and more suitable for the development of certain cultures, it is necessary to apply modern agro-technical measures, the implementation of various modern physical and chemical methods (Wang et al., 2013).Region of southern Serbia is suitable for the development and production of organic food.Organic production greatly affects the quality of soil, if the soil is rich in humus, the development of organic farming is better and bigger.
The plot is complex, live, variable and dynamic component of agroecosystems (Krnačova et al., 2013).It represents the portion of the Earth's crust where plants live and other microorganisms.The composition of the soil directly affects the anatomical structure of plants and their characteristics (Stevovi, 2010;Stevović et al., 2009).Development of appropriate soil analysis is especially important when it comes to growing medical plants (Stevović et al., 2011).From the standpoint of agriculture "perfect soil" should contain 45% of minerals, 5% of organic matter and 50% of the cavities, one of which should be half filled with air and half with water (Oljača, 2008).Good quality soil should be of good quality.Soil quality is reflected in the amount of chemical elements present at the most N (nitrogen), P (phosphorus) and K (potassium), of humus and the pH value, which is characterized by its fertility (Popovic, 1989;Steve & Čalić-Dragosavac, 2010;Stevović et al., 2013).Nitrogen contained in the soil affects the normal flowering and fruiting, and it is also required in the synthesis of the enzyme, it enters into the composition of chlorophyll and its deficiency causes yellowing of the leaves (Oljača, 2008).Phosphorus contained in the soil is in the construction of nucleic acids, nucleoproteins, phytate, including some sugars.The plant absorbs it through the root system.Essentially soil is poor in phosphorus, and for this reason the soil constantly trash phosphorus fertilizers (Oljača, 2008).Potassium is essential for growth and cell division in plants and if it has more soil, the plants are more resistant to diseases and stress (Stevovi et al., 2010).minutes and then the pH values determined by using pH meter.
For the determination of the humus, 0.5 g of the analytical balance land is measured and 130 ml of distilled water was poured 20 ml of sulfuric acid and 50 ml kaliumpermaganat, are cooked for 15-20 minutes, and then a titration is carried out with oxalic acid to discoloration, and then the sample discolored kaliumpermaganat titrated to the appearance of pink color.Specifying the humus and nitrogen is determined by the formula: The test results of different soil samples were analyzed for the period from July 2013 to October 2014.The following results which are presented in tables.
Table 1.The content of various parameters in the examined samples of the country fruit crops the village (Figure 1), from which they take soil samples for testing ( The numbers 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 in Table 1 and Table 2, show the village (Figure 1), from which they take soil samples for testing (Ranutovac, Zlatokop, Tibuzde, Aleksandrovac, Dubnica).Table 1 shows the results of the analyzed soil samples from these locations.Column one and two (in Table 1) shows the number of ml of oxalic acid and kaliumpermaganat used for titration of the sample of earth, in which, using the Equation 1 examines the content of humus.It can be seen from Table 1 that the humus content ranges in value from 2-4%, depending on which culture was on that land.Larger values of humus show that the land is better suited for the cultivation of fruit crops and that the samples of the country, where there are larger amounts of humus are actually samples from the soil on which they fruit culture were planted.Fruit crops in the autumn, when they discontinue vegetation and they drop leaves, return to the soil organic matter, which is what enriches and creates a fertile land.Organic matter is decomposed into simpler compounds decomposition and mineralization (Strengthen, 2008).Higher values indicate that the humus soil better for growing plants, in this case fruit crops.The quantity and quality of humus in the soil is constantly renewed, or the amount of new topsoil to replace old and thus maintains a certain level of humus in the soil, which is intended for planting some crops.This balance is of great importance for the creation and maintenance of soil fertility (Oljača, 2008).Successive changes significantly affecting the quality of agricultural land (Špulerova, 2008).
What can also be observed from Table 1, in conjunction with humus, is that the value of humus increases in the fall.With the increased work of the microorganism.Solid land for the cultivation of fruit crops is considered that when the value of humus is around 3, and the research found this.
Table 2.The content of the parameter K, F, N, and the pH of the assay samples the village (Figure 1), from which they take soil samples for testing (Ranutovac number 1, Zlatokop number 2, Tibuzde number 3, Aleksandrovac number 4, Dubnica number 5) The humus content K in % The humus content P in % The humus content N in % pH  From Table 2, we see that the pH value of the soil generally ranges from 3 to 6.This means that for the growth and further growth of the plants most suitable are acid soils, which are in the range of 6 to 8. From Table 2, one can see the value of pH 3.81 and 3.74 of land like this are not recommended for planting seedlings, as reduced pH value can cause an increase in the concentration of aluminum and manganese to toxic values (Kovačević, 2003).In the samples in which a pH of about 7 the solubility of phosphorus is best.

Ranutovac
The value of potassium (K) in Table 2 was obtained by the reading value of the Flame Photometar device at a given value, for example.The device is for a sample of countries alleged value so that the number 34 corresponds to the value of $ 12.69, and so for all values.
The values of phosphorus in Al-extract samples, listed in Table 2 were obtained from the values of individual members of a series of standards.On the basis of these calibration curve can be constructed in apcis is applied in the soil content of phosphorus in mg per 100 g of the P 2 O 5 to the earth and in relation to 10:1.The last member of the standard solution, corresponding to the content of 40 mg per 100 g P 2 O 5 country and that means that apcis be 40 cm long.The ordinate is applied to values read from the device.At the intersection of these values are the points that give the associated calibration curve, which actually represent the results.Results of testing samples show the presence of solid potassium and phosphorus as well as nitrogen and therefore can be said to have samples of soil suitable for growing plants.You can say that, fruit crops are planted on such land will give good yields, ie there will be no deterioration and decay, but such land shall periodically fertilized to obtain maximum yields.The only climatic factors can affect a significant impact.
In Table 2 one can see the values of potassium and phosphorus that are greater than 40.This means that when the values of potassium and phosphorus is greater than 40 (which is an upper limit, maximum), the land does not need to muck with the kinds of fertilizers are composed of potassium and phosphorus.It is believed that in the land which is investigated the content of potassium and phosphorus is over 40, self-sufficient without the addition of additional fertilizer.
Based on the results of testing samples it can be concluded that the parameters that determine soil quality are satisfactory for the cultivation of fruit crops provided.This favorable results are influenced by favorable environmental factors, as well as good geographical position.Ecological factors (especially climate) are very important and their impact on soil quality is of great importance (Misic, 1964) alue of phosphorus in the studied samples in 100 g of soil.However, stakeholders desired future development and their perceptions of agricultural landscape values varied according to different pressures in the individual studied areas (Barankova et al., 2011).

Conclusion
This paper is research of the different soil samples from different locations and samples taken at different times of the year.Test results that were obtained showed that the samples examined countries solid quality, but considering that it comes loam type of soil and forest soil, then the obtained results are also good.Test results showed that the samples of soil are mainly with pH around 7, that are acidic; that some samples of the country does not need aditional fertilizing as they are rich in phosphorus and potassium (phosphorus and potassium have values greater than 40).Results showed that soil is rich in humus because of all the samples of humus value is around 3-3.5.Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that the tested soil samples are suitable for the cultivation of fruit crops and the region of Southern Serbia can develop in that direction.That the results of research conducted soil confirms the correctness of orientation towards the cultivation, which opens the posibility of organic cultivation and at the same time contributing to sustainable rural development in the region southern Serbia.The results are presented in the form of potential methods of developing fruit production in southern Serbia (Ciyler, 2013).