Advances in Murrah Breed Clean A2 Milk Production Technologies and Study of Economics at Private Dairy Farms in India

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Introduction
Traditional, cultural and religious beliefs have also contributed in the continuance of these activities.They also play a significant role in generating gainful employment in the rural sector, particularly among the landless, small and marginal farmers and women, besides providing cheap and nutritious food to millions of people.Livestock production and agriculture are intrinsically linked, each being dependent on the other, and both crucial for overall food security.Livestock sector is an important sub-sector of the agriculture of Indian economy.It forms an important livelihood activity for most of the farmers, supporting agriculture in the form of critical inputs, contributing to the health and nutrition of the household, supplementing incomes, offering employment opportunities, and finally being a dependable "bank on hooves" in times of need.It acts as a supplementary and complementary enterprise.According to NSSO 66th Round Survey (July 2009-June 2010) on Employment and Unemployment, 15.60 million workers as per usual status (Principal status plus subsidiaries status) were engaged in farming of animals, mixed farming and fishing.Whereas as per estimate of NSS 68th Round (July 2011-June 2012) survey on Employment and Unemployment, 16.44 million workers as per usual status (Principal status plus subsidiaries status) were engaged in the activities of farming of animals, mixed farming and fishing.Animal Husbandry and Dairying activities, along with agriculture, continue to be an integral part of human life since the process of civilization started.These activities have contributed not only to the food basket and draught animal power but also by maintaining ecological balance.Owing to conducive climate and topography, Animal husbandry and Dairying Sectors have played prominent socio-economic role in India.Also reported by Sinha et al. (2010).

Methods and Materials
Under ICAR-IVRI Research Projects various experiments have been conducted on Catttle and Buffalo farm.There are more than 1100 animals aon the C&B farm.Under animal nutrition Fodder farm and Feed plant are main source of green and dry feed, concentrate supply to these animals.A team of animal breeders, animal nutrion expert, reproduction scientists, medicine-surgery scientists and livestock production scientists and including one Agronomy Scientist work together under the Vridawani,Tharparkar cattle improvement and Murrah buffalo improvement net work project under ICAR-IVRI funded research projects.The projects are in long term basis.During 2009-10 and 2011-12 major finding have been observed which may bring advancement in dairy farming and milk industry.

Result and Discussion
Advancement in Dairy farming Technology: The finding were obserbed in experimental C&B farm as are given below.
Herd Strength of Murrah Buffalo: Herd Management (Head on 01-04-2012): In all, 38 animals were deleted from the herd dueto various reasons, whereas 54 animals were added due to new births.The new calvings were well distributed over all the months of year, except during April-May-2012 when no calving took place.The male-female ratio of new calvings was 1.00:0.83.The closing balance of the buffalo herd as on 31/03/2013 was 165 heads (127 females and 38 males).
Herd Average Milk Yield Increased: Overall Management Effect: Buffaloes produced 82098 kg milk.Overall wet and herd averages were 5.66 and 3.59 kg, respectively.On an average, 62.92% of the total adult females were in milk.The total lactation mil yield, average lactation length, average 305 days' yield, and peak yield were 2249.40 ±108.05kg, 316.43±08.41days, 2242.31±108.05kg and 11.01±0.34kg, respectively, also reported by Vijay Kumar et al. (2011).
Milk Quality Imroved: Feeding Management Effect: The milk analysis of 872 samples revealed fat, SNF and total solids per cent as 7.88, 9.81 and 17.75, respectively.A study on 70 private dairy farms of 14 blocks of Muzaffarnagar district of UP indicated that dairying is an economically viable activity with an average monthly net economic gain of Rs. 36,366/-per month with medium average herd size of 33 animals (13 cattle and 20 buffaloes: 7 milch cows and 10 milch buffaloes).

Family Economics Status of Dairy Farming:
The farms were managed by individual owners with fair-good socio-economic status.Majority (77%) belonged to Hindus followed by Muslims (19%) and Sikhs (4%).
Housing Management at private Farms: The average plot size was 502 m2 with good infrastructural facilities including paved brick floors, good sheds, cement brick walls, fencing, stores, chaff cutters etc.The longer axis of these sheds were oriented in N-S direction made up of RCC tin sheds with an average cost of 2.97 lakhs.

Shed Vantilation Man Power Engaged:
The sheds were having adequate floor space, shed ventilation and natural lighting.The average man power engaged was 1-2.
Advancement in Feed and Fodder Technologies: The feeds and fodders were purchased from open market and the milk was sold to cooperatives/milkmen/open market.Hand milking was usually practiced.
No Adverse Effect of Weaning on Growth of Calves: Based on observations of Hanah (2009).that mortality rates are very high in suckling calves groups of Tharparkar and Murrah calves, weaning (at birth) experiment in Tharparkar calves was conducted and was successfully done with no adverse effect on growth of calves or mortality.
Tharparkar Cows With 4 BCS at Pre-Calving Stage Expressed Highest Peak Yield: Worked in dairy farm and findings were reported.Tharparkar cows with ≥ 4 BCS at pre calving stage expressed highest peak yield, calf birth weights and days to attain peak yield, while postpartum interval to estrus was lowest at pre-calving BCS of 3.5-4.0.3)., 2012, 13).

Body Conformation Traits
The farm has a small workshop to look after the repair and maintenance of farm machinery, tractors, tube-wells etc. Farm is equipped with 11 tractors, 09 deep irrigation tube-wells and adequate agricultural machineries.All the irrigation tube-wells are inter-connected by underground irrigation channels (Hume pipes) spread throughout the farm area for better application and utilization of available irrigation potential.

Conclusion
The overall conception rate ws 54.13%.The respective figures in heifer and adult groups were 57.14%.The least squares means (LSM) for overall live body weights at birth, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months of age wer 33.37±072, 70.98±1.79, 125.15±3.06, 247.27±8.80, 330.45±7.97 and 409.69±10.64kg, respectively.Buffaloes produced 97999 kg milk.Overall wet and herd averages were 5.85 kg and 3.91 kg, respectively.Private dairy owners have learnt the skills of profitable dairy farm management.The can procure wheat straw farmers in liew of dung in a crop season.
Technologies: It is observed that private dairy farms are aware of milk production technologies.The data gethored from survey indicates that dairy enterpeise may be in profit if factors affecting animal milk yield performance and farm management factors are under control.Private Dairy Farms Mannagement: Bharti (2012) worked at Cattle and Buffalo farm.
Figure 1.Her the LPM) and to d at the farm i d following cha

Feed
The fodder farm has generated a revenue of Rs 8,56,900.0(Rupees eight lakhs fifty six thousands nine hundred ) through the sales of oat seesd and services rendered to the campus employees of the institue for the year 2010-11.Technology and Area Specific Mineral Mixture: Health Management: The Feed Technology Unit prepares and supplies about 16,000 quintals of animal feed required for animals like cows and buffaloes, sheep and goats, pigs and laboratory animals used for research experiments in Izatnagar and Mukteshwar Campuses.The unit has automatic feed ingredient loading and lifting unit, grinding unit (Hammer mill), mixing unit, conveyor elevator unit, dust separation and collection unit, go-downs and office-cum-feed plant building, SinghOm et al. (2013)   found same results.
Expressed Scope for Further Improvement: Most of the body conformation traits were of intermediate nature and of desirable type, except stature, body depth, angularity, central ligament, rear udder Seed Production and Revenue Generation: Low Cost Inputs: The farm has produced 696.50 quintals oat seed (kent variety) during 2012-13.The farm section has generated an amount of Rs. 16,83,110.00(Rs.sixteen lakhs eighty three thousand one hundred ten only) through the sale of oat seed (616.50 quintals), green fodder and farm services rendered to the campus employees of the Institute during this period (AR