A Study of the Financial Behavior Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior

Personal finance and investments are closely related to people’s lives. Most investors focus on return rates than on risks. However, when the market changes considerably or unexpectedly, investors may incur losses. Employees in the electronics industry are a middleto high-income group. However, their work may prevent them from acquiring financial knowledge and factors affecting investments. This group should also understand methods of reducing risks in investments and avoiding losses. This study examines employees in the electronics industry in Taiwan and uses the theory of planed behavior to investigate the effects of demographic variables and intention to manage personal finances and invest on investment behavior. A total of 600 questionnaires were distributed, and 469 were returned. Among the 469 questionnaires, 41 were incomplete and invalid and thus disregarded, posting a response rate and valid response rate of 78.16% and 71.33%, respectively. SPSS 20 and structural equation modeling were used for analysis. The results demonstrate that financial attitude has a significant and positive effect on financial knowledge and subjective norms, that subjective norms have a significant and positive effect on perceived financial control, and that financial knowledge has a significant and positive effect on financial behavioral intention. However, subjective norms and perceived financial control do not significantly affect financial knowledge. The results suggest that individuals should reduce risks in their personal finances and investments. Potential directions for further research are also provided.


Introduction
The era of the knowledge economy and information explosion necessitates sufficient knowledge, particularly financial knowledge, to act in the globalized economy. Such knowledge can facilitate the accumulation of personal wealth and financial freedom and strengthen nations' economic power (Hayhoe, Leach, & Turner, 1999). After the 2006 financial crisis, numerous countries, such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and those in the European Union (EU), began to strengthen their financial education. In January 2008, former U.S. President George W. Bush established the President's Advisory Council on Financial Literacy (PACFL) to promote activities related to financial knowledge. In addition, former U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Paulson visited 112 cities across 48 states to help students, teachers, parents, soldiers, and workers formulate financial retirement plans (Hsu, 2008). Former U.S. President Barack Obama supported the initiative and indicated that understanding how to balance accounts and budgets wisely to avoid debts is increasingly crucial. In 2006, the European Parliament Committee on Culture and Education published an education announcement and suggested that EU member states promote practical social and business education to deepen students' understanding of corporate culture (Chiao, 2006). With numerous countries focusing on financial education, the Financial Supervisory Commission suggested that Ministry of Education improve finance and management education in primary and secondary schools. With a strong understanding of financial skills and concepts, students can avoid costly financing resulting from misjudgment or a lack of knowledge when they enter the workforce (Liu, 2009).
Financial literacy and skills are the foundation for economic development and civilized society. Financial literacy can help the public develop useful skills and habits to make informed financial decisions, thereby laying a crucial foundation for individuals and families (Grable & Joo, 1998;Martin & Oliva, 2001). Scholars have discovered that financial training can help consumers gain knowledge, make informed financial decisions (Braunstein & Welch, 2002), improve investment behavior (Campbell, 2006), increase savings, and reduce debts (Lyons & Neelakantan, 2008) and that financial knowledge is directly correlated with financial behavior (Hilgert, Hogarth, & Beverly, 2003). Studies have indicated that families with financial difficulties often lack aspects of financial knowledge, which results in improper loan and investment behavior (Lusardi & Mitchell, 2007) and can affect health (Norvilitis, Szablicki, & Wilson, 2003). In addition, individuals' unpreparedness for retirement can burden the government and society (Klemme, 2002).
However, Braunstein and Welch (2002) argued that financial knowledge may not improve financial behavior. Mandell (2008) discovered that students from families with numerous financial resources have stronger financial knowledge and that studying finance in high school is not correlated with financial behavior; the validity of these conflicting hypotheses must be verified using additional data. This study offers a new perspective on financial behavior by investigating factors that affect financial behavior. Studies on finance must analyze relationships between variables and identify their effects. This requires quantitative data and the appropriate statistical methods. Because domestic financial data alone are insufficient, studies have often used questionnaires to collect and analyze data for different occupations (e.g., teachers, medical personnel, and retired people). In addition, because most studies have investigated the relationships between individual variables, the generalizability of their results has been limited.
This study investigates employees in the electronics industry, who are considered a high-income group, and uses structural equation modeling (SEM) for statistical analysis. This study also uses theoretical and practical methods to develop a model and questionnaires to investigate the path relationship between personal financial knowledge and financial behavior. In addition, this study uses a latent variable, which is difficult to observe, derived from several other variables and creates constructs such as financial knowledge. This method is employed to resolve insufficiencies of the univariate processes, which is the first study objective. The second objective is developing two main constructs, investigating the paths between the independent variables and financial behavioral intention, observing the linear relationship between the constructs and their effects, and comparing the results with those of other studies. The model and path analysis are also used to explore the factors that affect financial behavioral intention and to avoid using a single variable to explain financial behavior. The statistical inferences can fill gaps in research on finance and reveal factors that affect financial knowledge and financial behavior, thereby providing reference studies on financial knowledge and behavior.

Theory of Planed Behavior
The theory of planed behavior (TPB) derives from the theory of reasoned action (TRA). The TRA was proposed by Fishbein and Ajzen (1980), and its theoretical basis is social psychology. The TRA is used to predict behavior and investigate the relationships among attitude, intention, and behavior. The TRA indicates that behavioral intention is affected by attitudes and subjective norms and that behavioral intention affects behavior. The TRA also hypothesizes that individuals have free will to control their behavior after reflection.
Scholars prefer the TPB to the TRA and consider it a more comprehensive model of behavioral intention. Empirical studies have demonstrated that the TPB is superior to TRA in terms of prediction. The TPB comprises the following elements: 1) Attitude: Attitudes are individuals' evaluations of objects and ideas and can predict behavior. Individuals with positive attitudes toward a behavior have a stronger intention to engage in that behavior.
2) Subjective norms: Subjective norms are a form of social pressure from parents, friends, spouses, or colleagues that determines behavior. Strong positive subjective norms increase behavioral intention.
3) Perceived behavioral control: Perceived behavioral control is individuals' control over the resources and opportunities required to perform a specific behavior. It relates to desires, intentions, and nonmotivational factors that cannot be controlled, such as time, money, skills, opportunities, resources, and policies. A lack of control over resources can prevent individuals from performing certain behavior. Self-efficacy and external resources can limit perceived behavioral control. Self-efficacy is related to individuals' ability to perform a specific behavior, whereas low accessibility to external resources can create obstacles. Both factors affect individuals' decision to perform certain behavior.
behavior. It can be measured in terms of willingness of effort. Behavioral intention can be used to predict behavior. However, behavior is often affected by external environmental factors and are not completely under individuals' control; the TRA is less suited to explaining such behavior than the TPB. To resolve this problem, Ajzen incorporated perceived behavioral control into the TRA and developed the TPB to increase explanatory and predictive power (Figure 1; Ajzen, 1991).

Financial Literacy
The Financial Literacy and Education Commission defines financial literacy as the ability to make wise decisions and to use and manage money effectively (Basu, 2005). The U.S. Department of the Treasury defines financial literacy as the ability to understand and manage money to make wise financial decisions (Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, 2012). The Jumpstart Coalition for Personal Financial Literacy defines financial literacy as the use of knowledge and skills to manage financial resources and achieve lifetime financial security; PACFL also adopted this definition (PACFL, 2008). The UK Financial Services Authority defines financial capabilities as individuals' capacity to manage money and their financial status, develop financial plans, select financial commodities, and obtain information regarding financial events (Orton, 2007). In a UK education research report, Schagen and Lines indicated that financial literacy is the ability to use and manage money wisely (Worthington, 2006). Financial knowledge requires an understanding of various concepts, theories, commodities, services, and investment strategies, which enables the effective management of personal wealth and responsible, beneficial financial decision-making (Worthington, 2006;Orton, 2007).

Financial Knowledge
Financial knowledge encompasses several aspects that vary by profession. Hogarth (2002) noted that financial literacy should entail an understanding of money and asset management, financial transactions, investments, credit, insurance, taxes, and financial planning to make financial decisions. Hogarth and Hilgert (2002) used created a questionnaire on concepts such as credit cards, savings, and mortgage loans. Some scholars have indicated that money management, consumption, savings, the usage and costs of loans, and investments are essential components of financial knowledge (Boyce & Danes, 1998). Other scholars have noted that modern financial services, bank deposits, retirement products, and loan and credit products are crucial components (Braunstein & Welch, 2002). In addition, the correct usage of credit cards is a basic component of financial knowledge (Lyons, Rachlis, & Scherpf, 2007). The Jumpstart Coalition for Personal Financial Literacy indicates that K-12 students should learn financial responsibility and decision-making, income and occupation, money management and planning, credit and loans, risk management and insurance, and savings and investments (Jump$tart, 2007). Scholars and institutions differ considerably in terms of their definition of financial literacy.
The same applies to financial behavior as well. The Financial Supervisory Commission (2008) defines financial behavior as behavior that relates to money management. Braunstein and Welch (2002) evaluated financial behavior in terms of cash flow management, savings and investments, credit, taxes, and money management. Hilgert, Hogarth, and Beverly (2003) used four aspects to explain financial behavior: cash flow management, credit management, savings, and investments. O'Neill and Xiao (2003)

Relationship Between Financial Knowledge and Behavior
Scholars have explored the relationship between financial knowledge (literacy) and financial behavior. In a professional report, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development indicated that financial illiteracy is not the only factor that creates risks; however, financial illiteracy increases risks (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2009). A UK study on financial literacy noted that financial illiteracy prevents individuals from identifying financial services and products that satisfy their needs and desires.
Inappropriate financial operations such as loans can result in financial loss (Lord, 2001). Most studies have indicated that financial knowledge and behavior are positively correlated (Hilgert, Hogarth, & Beverly, 2003;Mandell & Klein, 2009;Robb & Woodyard, 2011). Financial literacy helps individuals manage their money, savings, and investments effectively, utilize loans, prepare for retirement, and invest in stocks. Hirad and Zorn (2001) discovered that providing consultation courses for families before they purchase houses helps them avoid delinquency on loans. Hilgert, Hogarth, and Beverly (2003) demonstrated the positive correlation between financial knowledge and behavior. They discovered that those with strong financial knowledge tend to have higher indices of financial behavior, credit management, savings, and investments. Hira and Loibl (2005) indicated that when employees received financial education, their financial literacy in topics such as retirement, investments, planning, and credit management improved. By anticipating their future financial status, they developed confidence and become more satisfied with their work. Mandell (2006) discovered that checks written by those with strong financial knowledge are unlikely to be declined and that such individuals often clear their debts successfully. Lusardi and Mitchell (2007) revealed that financial literacy affects financial behavior, that those without savings and retirement plans have low financial literacy, and that those with strong financial knowledge are prepared for retirement, particularly those who understand compound interest and develop various savings plan. They also analyzed factors that affect retirement plans, such as educational attainment, marital status, number of children, retirement status, race, and sex, and concluded that the most crucial factor is financial literacy.
Van Rooij, Lusardi and Alessie (2011) investigated financial literacy and decision-making behavior. Financial literacy can be basic or advanced. Basic financial literacy consists of knowledge of deposit income, compound interest, inflation, time value, and money illusion. Advanced financial literacy consists of knowledge of topics such as stocks, bonds, and mutual funds. The study considered investment behavior a financial decision-making behavior and discovered that education level, income, and wealth are correlated with stocks. Because of the complexity of the stock exchange, those without financial literacy invest less; those with stronger financial literacy often hold more stocks. Cole, Paulson and Shastry (2012) discovered that education strengthens financial knowledge, facilitates participation in financial markets, and increases assets and savings. One study discovered that the financial literacy of university students significantly and directly affected their financial activity and that attitude changes indirectly affected their financial activity (Tseng, 2013). Brown, Van der Klauw, Wen and Zafar (2013) investigated the relationship between financial literacy and consumer debts and revealed that financial knowledge can help young people increase their credit ratings and asset returns rates and avoid delinquency and dependency on debts. Shih and Ke (2014) discovered that financial literacy predicts financial decision-making and that those with financial knowledge engage in financial behavior with high risks. Hogarth and Hilgert (2002) discovered that those with financial knowledge often have higher education levels. Cole, Paulson and Shastry (2012) demonstrated that education can strengthen financial knowledge. Robb and Woodyard (2011) discovered that education level is a crucial factor affecting financial behavior. Hogarth and Hilgert (2002), Hilgert, Hogarth and Beverly (2003), and Atkinson, McKay, Collard and Kempson (2007) indicated that those with low income often have less financial knowledge. However, Buckland (2010) discovered that those with low income often have sufficient knowledge of market price, governmental plans, and financial services and that they have limited savings and abilities to take out loans. Robb and Woodyard (2011) indicated that income is a crucial factor affecting financial behavior. Most studies have demonstrated that financial knowledge positively, significantly, and directly affects financial behavior, even if education and income levels are considered. This study investigates whether the external latent variable, namely financial knowledge, would positively affect the internal latent variable, namely financial behavior regardless of the effect of education and income on financial knowledge.  Vol. 14, No. 2;2022 This study explores the observed variables that constitute financial knowledge and behavior. Next, this study examines how financial knowledge affects financial behavior. Because of data limitations, most studies have used a univariate process for financial knowledge and behavior (Robb & Woodyard, 2011;Shih & Ke, 2014). Consequently, the components are unknown, and how each observed variable explains financial knowledge or behavior cannot be determined. Supporting data are required to identify observable variables affecting financial knowledge and behavior. This study focuses on understanding the strengths and weaknesses of financial knowledge and behavior in Taiwan.

The TPB in Studies on Investment Behavior
The TPB is often applied in psychology to analyze decision-making processes. Studies on investment behavior have increasingly used the TPB. Fishbein and Ajzen used the TRA to investigate behavior and adoption intention in various fields. Ajzen (1991) incorporated perceived behavioral control into the TPB. Studies applying the TPB to investment behavior include Yang (2010), who examined the costs for investors switching to online stock trading. Wang (2010) researched students' entrepreneurial behavior. Wu (2013) applied the TBP to entrepreneurial intention and used entrepreneurial skills as moderator. Chen (2014) investigated young entrepreneurs' behavior in Japan by using the TPB. Tseng (2015) performed a path analysis of the effects of education level and annual family income on financial knowledge and behavior in Taiwan. Warsame and Ireri (2016) determined whether the TPB matters in sukuk investment. Because these studies used the TPB to investigate investment behavior and to demonstrate that attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control are positively correlated, this study uses the as a basis to investigate behavioral intention to invest.

Sample and Procedure
This study conducts a survey by using the convenience sampling method. Before the survey, the author calls the participants' company to explain the purpose of this study and the questionnaire process and determines whether the employees are willing to participate. The author then obtains permission to distribute the questionnaire and sends it to the participants. The author asks the company's management to distribute the questionnaire to the employees and to seal them when completed. A designated worker then collects the questionnaires. To ensure the validity of the questionnaire, only full-time workers are permitted to respond. A total of 600 questionnaires is distributed, and 469 are returned. After preliminary processing, 41 incomplete and invalid questionnaires are removed, and 428 valid responses remain; the response rate and valid response rate were 78.16% and 71.33%, respectively.

Research Tool
The questionnaire is used to collect data. This study also uses scales developed by various scholars. Academic and industry experts use the scales to create the questionnaire and a pretest and to adjust their wording. Content validity is determined through interviews with the experts, and the pretest is revised to eliminate ambiguous wording and irrelevant questions. A total of 30 pretests are collected for analysis and validity testing. After the pretest, no items are added or deleted. The overall Cronbach's α of the questionnaire is 0.944. The Cronbach's α values of the five dimensions, namely financial behavioral intention, financial knowledge, financial attitude, subjective norms, and perceived financial control, are 0.945, 0.847, 0.913, 0.889, 0.938, which are higher than 0.7, indicating high validity. Therefore, the questionnaire has high consistency.
The questionnaire consists of two parts. The first is the operational definition of the dimensions. The questionnaire is developed with reference to the literature and the following operational definitions of the TPB and theory of perceived risks: (1) Financial attitude: individuals' evaluation of personal finances.
(2) Subjective norms: the effects of others' approval on personal finances.
(3) Perceived financial control: individuals' perception of their ability to manage their personal finances.
(4) Financial knowledge: the ability to evaluate risks to personal finances.
(5) Financial behavioral intention: the willingness to manage personal finances.
The questionnaire consists of four sections: financial behavioral intention, financial attitude, subjective norms, and perceived financial control. The financial behavioral intention section, which consists of two dimensions, namely financial behavioral intention and financial knowledge, is developed with reference to Xiao and Dew (2011) and Perry and Morris (2005). The financial attitude section was adapted from the questionnaires used by Rajna et al. (2011) andRotter (1966) and comprises eight items. The subjective norms section is developed with ijms.ccsenet.org International Journal of Marketing Studies Vol. 14, No. 2;2022 6 reference to the questionnaire used by Rajna et al. (2011) and comprises five items. The, perceived financial control section is adapted from the questionnaire used by Rotter (1996) and comprises five items. The personal information section comprises 10 items, namely sex, education level, age, marital status, job tenure, occupation, preferred investment method, investments in financial commodities, monthly income, and monthly disposable household income.
The fifth section of the questionnaire is categorical, and the first through fourth sections use the 5-point Likert scale, which requires participants to indicate whether they agree with each statement (strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree, or strongly agree). Higher scores indicate stronger identification. The scores are used in the empirical data analysis.

Research Framework and Hypotheses
This study adds a financial knowledge dimension to improve the explanatory power of the TPB model; Figure 2 presents the research framework.

Figure 2. Research framework
The hypothesized path relationships among the six latent variables are as follows: 1) Financial attitude, subjective norms, perceived financial control, and financial knowledge: Ajzen (1991) noted that behavioral intention affects behavior and is affected by behavioral attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. The TPB hypothesizes that individuals that have positive attitudes toward a behavior, feel a strong sense of social pressure, and perceive that they have control over their behavior exhibit a strong intention to perform the behavior (Liang, 2013). Therefore, this study proposes the following hypotheses: H1: Financial attitude positively affects the financial knowledge of employees in the electronics industry.
H2: Subjective norms positively affect the financial knowledge of employees in the electronics industry.
H3: Perceived financial control positively affects the financial knowledge of employees in the electronics industry.
2) Financial attitude and subjective norms: Because financial attitude affects personal subjective norms (Liang, 2013), this study proposes the following hypothesis: H4: Financial attitude positively affects the subjective norms of employees in the electronics industry.
3) Perceived financial control and financial knowledge: Because perceived financial control affects personal financial knowledge (Liang, 2013), this study proposes the following hypothesis: H5: Perceived financial control positively affects the financial knowledge of employees in the electronics industry.
4) Financial knowledge and financial behavioral intention: Because financial knowledge affects financial behavioral intention (Liang, 2013), this study proposes the following hypothesis: H6: Perceived risks positively affect the behavioral attitude of employees in the electronics industry.

Results
This study uses AMOS to analyze the linear structural relations and the causal relationships and correlations ijms.ccsenet.org International Journal of Marketing Studies Vol. 14, No. 2; 2022 among the variables. According to Forza and Filippini (1998), model fit indices, namely the goodness-of-fit index (GFI), relative fit index (RFI), adjusted GFI (AGFI), and normed fit index (NFI), should be higher than 0.8, the comparative fit index (CFI) should be higher than 0.9 (Hair et al., 2006), root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) should be lower than 0.06 (Brown & Cudeck, 1993), and χ 2 /degrees of freedom (df) should be equal to or less than 3 (Chau & Hu, 2001).
The analysis indicates that the χ 2 value is 686.454, df is 323, χ 2 /df is 2.125, GFI is 0.909, AGFI is 0.869, NFI is 0.851, RFI is 0.800, CFI is 0.913, and RMSEA is 0.051. These results meet the standards proposed by scholars. Therefore, the structural model has excellent fit (Table 1). 6) Financial knowledge has a significant and positive effect on financial behavioral intention. The standardized coefficient is 0.971 (p = .000). Financial knowledge facilitates participation in financial markets and increases intention to practice financial behavior; this supports H6.
All hypotheses except that relating subjective norms to financial knowledge and that relating perceived financial control to financial knowledge all supported. Figure 3 presents the results of the path analysis.
 Figure 3. Results of structural model analysis

Conclusion and Suggestions
This study examines employees in the electronics industry in Taiwan and uses the theory of planed behavior to investigate the effects of demographic variables and intention to manage personal finances and invest on investment behavior. According to the analysis of this study, the results of the study are detailed as follows: 1) Financial attitude has a significant and positive effect on financial knowledge. This result supports those of Joo and Grable (2004), Bryant, Stone and Wier (2006), and Shim, Xiao, Barber and Lyons (2009). Financial education determines financial knowledge and attitude. Positive financial attitudes create hierarchical relationships between financial knowledge and behavioral intention, which can increase individuals' satisfaction with their financial situations.
2) Subjective norms do not significantly affect financial knowledge. This result does not support one of the hypotheses. Individuals use their own knowledge to explore financial matters and do not consider whether others' opinions are correct. This is crucial to decision-making. Therefore, the relationship between subjective norms and financial behavior should be investigated.
3) Perceived financial control does not significantly affect financial knowledge. This result does not support one of the hypotheses. Although perceived financial control can change individuals' perspectives, it does not affect financial knowledge. Higher social perception can control behavioral intention more easily, and greatly increases ijms.ccsenet.org International Journal of Marketing Studies Vol. 14, No. 2; 2022 9 financial knowledge. 4) Financial attitude has a significant and positive effect on subjective norms. This result supports those of Shim (2010) and Bubolz and Sontag (1993). Financial attitude can predict emotions; positive financial attitudes indicate strong subjective norms. 5) Subjective norms have a significant and positive effect on perceived financial control. This result supports those of Fishbein and Ajzen (1975) and Ajzen (1989). The possibility of individuals perceiving financial control when purchasing financial products and services is high when subjective norms are strong. Therefore, subjective norms positively affect perceived financial control. 6) Financial knowledge has a significant and positive effect on financial behavioral intention. This result supports those of Ajzen (1991), Lyons and Scherpf (2006), and Perry and Morris (2005). Financial knowledge can facilitate participation in financial markets and positively affect financial behavioral intention. In addition, positive evaluations of financial knowledge strengthen financial behavioral intention.
Due to the long working hours of employees in the electronics industry, they have less opportunity to obtain investment and financial information in their lives. However, investment and financial knowledge should be an important life knowledge in most people's lives. This study will be provided to the education and training department of the electronics company. When they conduct employee education and training, they can incorporate financial expertise into the curriculum to help employees avoid serious financial losses due to insufficient financial knowledge.The results suggest that middle-and high-income investors should reference not only their subjective attitudes and perceived financial control but also their financial knowledge. In addition, investors should use positive financial attitudes and financial intention to reduce risks in personal finances and investments. One limitation of this study is that the results are derived from employees of the electronics industry in central Taiwan and thus cannot be generalized to other industries. Studies should employ a wide research scope to increase the value of their contributions.