The Usage of Spatial Prepositions for Political Aspirations in the Headlines of the Nigerian Newspapers

The meaning varies and some headlines are messy for effective meaning and they appear so dependent in the infinite range of context, which makes it difficult for the readers to comprehend. Using document analysis approach, this paper exemplified the usage of English spatial prepositions on the headlines of the Nigerian newspapers. The study reviewed different theoretical approaches and conceptual theories used to determine the semiotic thought of the foresight in generating meaning as a system and psychological process. The findings revealed that politicians use newspapers as a model to communicate people before and after being into power. The findings further revealed that journalists adopted different systems, in the previous researches. It is recommended that emerged readers should acquire the knowledge of spatial preposition for effective meaning.


Introduction
The present paper investigated the linguistic construction of strings and the communicative functions of spatial prepositions for the negotiation of the democratic set of empowerment in words fighting, before and after elections in the headlines of the Nigeria newspapers.The discourse entailed the Politian's publicity and ambitions during the Nigerian 2015 electoral cycle (Ayoola & Olusanya, 2013).Ayodabo & Popoola (2008) placed that English is a standout amongst the most generally talked and composed dialects on the planet utilized across the board of purposes and talked as official dialect in forty-five nations of the world including Nigeria.Banjo (2005) declares that English has contact with Nigeria since sixteenth century with preacher missions for Christianity evangelism and with effect of imperialism in 1920.In addition, English is viewed as a moment dialect in Nigeria (Kamal, 2010) and it is additionally used to fill different needs, for example, in legal, financial sector, security administrations, health, councils, business, national and worldwide correspondences, daily papers and national media.David Marr's meta-theory 1982 emphasized the importance of what he called the computational level of description-an analysis of the task the visual system performs.In this research is contrary to that this task should be conceived of not just as object recognition but as spatial understanding, and that the mental representations responsible for spatial understanding are not exclusively visual in nature (Banjo, 2005).Moreover, the view of the headlines are emotion-inducing strategy in the hands of the editor used to initiate, sustain discourse and shape the views of the readers on national issues.Prepositions are small closed-item form of words in English.The current paper aims to exemplify the usage of spatial prepositions in the headlines of Nigerian newspapers.

Preposition
In the meaning of Webster's new English dictionary (1976), a preposition is "a word or expression that joins with a noun or pronoun to shape an expression."(Webster's new English lexicon, 1976) Relational words are grammatical feature that presents a prepositional expression.For instance, in the sentence "John is perusing English fiction in the room", the word "in" here is a linguistically, a relational word, presenting the prepositional expression "in the room".Considers demonstrate that in English, the most utilized relational words are of, to, in, for, with, and on (Iatcu, 2011).In that sense, one might say that relational words work as "linkers" between parts of the sentence as well as between all data that are specified in the sentence.They are not limited to importance communicated by noun; rather, they reach out to incorporate those communicated by adjectives words and modifiers (e.g., Wh-questions: who, why, how, when, where, and so forth).
Semantically, prepositional word has a linguistic sensation whose qualities could include syntactic, semantic and connected etymological difference from various principles.A few proofs support the idea of structural and communicative functions of prepositions for the political and culture redesign in the speaker's senses, with a different impact and an alternate effect before and after election in the political arena (Taiwo, 2007).
In addition to the above requirements are as follows: 1) A preposition is joining grammatical words with precisely one supplement state, frequently a noun phrase.In English, this is for the most part a noun called the object of the prepositional words, together with its orderly modifiers.
2) A prepositional word builds up the syntactic relationship that links its supplement phrase to another word or expression in the unique situation.In English, it additionally builds up a semantic relationship, which might be spatial (in, on, under, and so on), temporal (after, during,...), or logical (via, through...) in nature.
3) A prepositional word decides certain linguistic properties of its complement (e.g., its case).In English, the objects of relational words are dependably in the objective case.4) Prepositions are non-inflecting (or "invariant"); i.e., they do not have ideal models of structures (for various tenses, cases, sexual orientations, and so forth.) in an indistinguishable path from verbs, modifiers, and things in a similar dialect (Chestnut, 2000).

Forms of Preposition
According to Yunus & Awab (2014, 2015, & 2016) there are two forms of prepositional words-simple and complex.They indicated from Essberger (2009), there are more than 150 relational words in English.94 of them are straightforward relational words and the other 56 are complex relational words.In addition to that, Fang, (2000) claims that there are 284 distinct prepositional words in a corpus investigation of English 88 of them are simple prepositions and 160 more are complex relational words.
According to Tyler and Vivian (2003), expressed that all English prepositions originally coded spatial relations between two physical entities; spatial and non-spatial while retaining their original meaning.Puitz & Dirven (1996) adds that the evidence in the spatial catalogue of grammatical functions and example of sentences given below for English prepositions "in", "at" and "on" where they have no exception; 1) Relational prototype, this is to indicate spatial preposition as head of prepositional phrase.

Example;
"in" she hid his documents in a cupboard.
"on" he kept the book on a catalogue.
2) Temporal spatial relations as a prototype, here is another example of a head of prepositional phrases for a temporal negations as the following examples; "in" they just met in a party.
"on" he dropped a broken cup a table 3) Abstract spatial relational prototype, it is also use as a head of prepositional phrases as an abstractions or thought as the following examples; "in" they got a guarantee in written by the previous government "on" she promised him on a phone call

Purpose of the Study
The interest in the study of language use by different social groups employing a particular mode of communication and distinctive terminologies in a particular genre using diver styles, words functions and used in contexts has been a common motivation for linguists to analyze meaning from spatial preposition usage in a string of micro and macro-linguistics levels.The overall purpose of this study is based on the above assertions.It is to investigate the usage of spatial prepositions in the headlines of Nigerian newspapers.

Literature Review
The current study review previous studies on the political issues in Nigerian and headlines of the Newspaper in regards to writer's perceptions in communicating between Politian and public.

Politics in Nigeria
Edegoh, Thompson, & Alozie, (2010, 2011& 2014) posited that from the prior to Nigeria's political arrangement of administration is thoughtfully designed after that of the United States.While the United States speaks to a standout amongst the most settled majority rule governments across the globe, Nigeria can be said to be a case of a developing vote based system by the year 2015.Nigeria and the United States work an elected presidential framework whereby there is partition of forces among autonomous official, authoritative, and legal branches of government.The leader of the official arm is the President and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, while the lawmaking body is partitioned into two correlative law sanctioning chambers: the Senate (or the upper house) and the House of Representatives (or the lower house).The legal is going by a Supreme Court Chief Justice and is mostly distracted with the translation of the country's constitution and additionally filling in as the last judge in legitimate question.However, the official and the authoritative branches of the presidential arrangement of government were elective positions through balloting at primaries (i.e., at congregation) and general races (at regional and national levels).Along these lines, as an early majority rules system, Nigeria has embraced the American presidential framework.
However, Political gatherings and applicants, the world over, bring out their political exercises through various discussions and stages, for example, the utilization of printed and non-printed media of correspondence (radio, TV, daily paper and magazine), and the utilization of political battle mobilizes and spread a wide range of data to electorates as a method for influencing voters' voting choice to their support (Edegoh, 2010).The Newspaper headlines have been being used for a wide range of political imparting for quite a while and have been declared powerful in conveying political thoughts, issues, hopefuls, pronouncement, and so on, to the target group.Moreover, the issue of global village did not left the printed daily papers behind because the electronic newspapers media mode has introduced a new dimension to political communication wherein electioneering campaigns and scouting for votes by political office-seekers and political parties are done by utilising the vast opportunities provided by the headlines both electronic and printed mode to not only register their political interest and ambition but also persuasively appeal to be voted for (Ayoola & Olusanya, 2013).
The Nigerian 2015 general races saw such a variety of political gatherings partaking in what has been decreed as free and reasonable decisions (not disapproving of minor hitches here and there).Nigeria enhances multi-party framework.Be that as it may, two political parties, the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the All Progressive Congress (APC) were are still the main political gatherings in Nigeria as far as national viewpoint, accessibility of gathering structure in all conditions of the Federation, number of gathering card-conveying individuals, number of congregation individuals possessing elective workplaces in the land, for example, the legislators, individuals from the House of Representative, state governors, and so on.These two political gatherings went into the 2015 races as the super gatherings, as the gatherings to beat while all other political gatherings in the land were viewed as underdogs (Samson, 2014).
Consequently, he added that the degree of the usage of newspapers captions in the 2015 campaigning efforts by the PDP and APC, as political aspirations and propaganda give more foundations with the essential duty of partaking in and winning races frame the push of this review.The review is imperative in that it researched the usage of spatial prepositions in headline of the selected daily papers for the effort exercises of political gatherings in Nigeria with a view to learning how the major political gatherings performed in their utilization of spatial prepositions in 2015 general competitions, as it is regularly said that competition is a noteworthy trial of a country's popular government (Alozie, 2014).

The Usage of Spatial Prepositions in the Nigerian Newspaper Headlines
Taiwo (2007) studied a critical discourse analysis of Nigerian newspaper headlines.He utilized three hundred Nigerian newspaper headlines randomly designated from six Nigerian newspapers and they were studied for peculiarity in the English language vocabulary and linguistic, devices used in order to identify the principles that lie behind their structures.In addition the study generated two typologies of headlines based on the main idea that addressed and apprehended the strings.The analysis revealed that the headlines have buried ideological meanings, being separated along some sociopolitical lines reflecting the views of those whose interest is being aided and those whose interest is being weakened.Consequently, his study confined that some headlines are emotion-persuading strategy in the hands of the journalist editor that used to initiate and sustain discourse and shape the views of the readers on national issues.Chestnut (2000) studied the impacts of prepositional words that are solid in our day by day life, particularly when we decipher the relational word or potentially the prepositional expression from a target language into a source dialect (first language).Practical rearrangement of neural and natural movement and outward appearances may add to confine our misconception, and conceivable contrasts in this procedure may have essential linguistic and syntactic ramifications.Keeping that in mind, he cited Bennet (1975) where he inspected the elements that are frequently required of prepositional words.Souma (2009) studied polysemy of spatial prepositions in the philosophical cognition.His study examined the semantic polysemy of the English preposition "over" based on the perspectives of philosophy and cognition with constructive analysis method.He realised that the monosymiuos nature of preposition over in the vein of Leibniz might be profitably applied of the meaning.But, it was argued that the covering sense of over is not distinct sense nonetheless a "context dependent use" whereas, the distinction sense should be made between lexical meaning.However, context dependencies are semantically self-contained and instrument meaning of preposition which relies on combination with lexical meaning.Consequently, the study revealed that meaning is purely psychological and common sense rather than language for specific ground.Dor (2003) studied the headlines as relevant and optimizers based on the theory relevance by Sperber & Wilsons (1986).He explored reader's optimal ratio between contextual effect and processing effect for best interpretation procedure.His study revealed that the set of intuitive by journalist for imperative shared by news-editors and emerge editors that dictate the choice of words for a headline as specific stories could naturally be seduced to the notion of relevance optimizers.Consequently, the construction of a successful headline required an understanding of the reader's state of knowledge, believes, expectations and cognitive skills.However, this explored the fact that skilled newspaper readers spent most of their time in reading lots of headlines to scan relevant stories.
Puitiz & Dirven (1996) they investigated to the issue of daily paper headlines translation by addressing standard suspicions on how headlines are composed on the premise of generally prescriptive pragmatic guidelines or standards.Their fundamental inquiries analyzed are firstly, regardless of whether appropriate headlines' from the writer's viewpoint focalize with "effective headlines" from the reader's point of view, and also, whether there is a logical heuristic which can clarify in mentally conceivable terms the way headlines are chosen and interpreted by daily paper readers.Drawing on 137 readers' response to a determination of UK/US newspaper headlines and on a corpus of 1310 reader chose headlines, it is demonstrated that headline readers tend to disregard standard norms such as length, clarity, and information as long as headlines bolt their attention as far as inventive style paying little mind to underdetermined semantic significance.Utilizing the structure of Relevance Theory (17, 19, 200 and 18), it is proposed that readers select headlines guided by desires of relevance and translate headlines by making event particular specially appointed ideas and unplanned settings in a general endeavor to ideally apportion preparing effort with cognitive impacts.Ehineni (2014) investigated on the syntactic analysis of lexical and functional heads in Nigerian English newspaper headlines.Although, the Nigerian English newspaper headlines have been inspected for the most part from stylistic, even minded or critical analytic, critical linguistic perspective but not from a syntactic perspective in terms of lexical and functional heads.He contemplated, in this manner, analyzed lexical and practical heads in Nigerian newspaper headlines.The information for the review were gathered from Nigerian national newspapers including; The Punch, The Nation, Nigerian Tribune, Vanguard and The Sun.His review utilizes the X-bar hypothesis of Generative Grammar to grammatically dissect the information.It is found that both lexical and useful heads are anticipated in Nigerian daily paper headlines.In any case, their representation relied on upon the syntactic arrangement of the headlines.Sentence sort headlines have a larger number of heads than phrasal headlines.While both heads happen in the headlines, lexical heads have more projection than practical heads.Abba, Olakunle, & Musa (2015) examined on the speech act analysis of daily trust newspaper headline reports on boko haram attacks.The headline, in performing different linguistic capacities, constituted area of language utilized in light of the fact those individuals' thoughts, observations and gatherings on what boko haram was and their accursed exercises are formed by the language things utilized as a part of the media headlines.They examined newspaper headline gives an account of Boko Haram assaults in Daily Trust, with a view to distinguishing the sorts of discourse acts utilized as a part of the headlines, the prevalent discourse act utilized and in addition their suggestion to language used in the newspaper media.
They added that thirty six headlines are chosen from the Daily Trust newspapers by deliberate irregular examining and each is assigned out a comparing discourse act classification.Thusly, their discoveries uncovered that out of the five discourse act classifications of Searle (1969) which is utilized as the hypothetical structure of the examination, just three classifications are utilized as a part of the considerable number of headlines in the newspaper with the emphatic as the overwhelming discourse act sort.Be that as it may, the review proposed the conclusion that headlines on news administrations went for generally offering data to the general population.In this manner, they reasoned that the headline reports of the Daily Trust newspapers were not went for debilitating, alarming or prompting as wrongly saw by story perusers.

The Usage of Spatial Prepositions in the Other Countries Headlines
Andrew (2007) defined news headlines as media-generated shortcuts for heuristic information about whole.Functionally speaking, headlines are simplifying mechanisms that summarize and attract attention to what lies ahead or below.
Rodger (2011) cited Perfetti, Beverly, Bell, Rodger, & Faux (1998) they explored the syntactical nature of ambiguous statement in the headlines of the newspapers.He analysed thirty relevant strings which is advantageous for the reader to use nonlinguistic information as quickly as possible in comprehending relevant ideas.In addition, from the comprehension processes they realised that there are some ways reminiscent of "telegraphic speech" of young children which largely omit "grammatical functions" words.However, they posit that Journalist used to omit closed items such as definite articles, prepositions and auxiliary verbs to persuade reader's attention for commercial strategy.Consequently, this Spartan approached to headlines, sometime strains to achieve any interpretation which often forced to reject interpretations by the syntactic nature but contradicted by the knowledge of the real world.Abdullahi (2012) posited that there are space cases from daily papers headlines for Celtic dialects on preposition, some specialist's explored contrasts in utilizing electronic interpretation machines to decipher or translate context from a source dialect into an objective dialect and the other way around.The vast majority of these scientists have used examples with both contexts and human cognitions, tests for the most part comprising of human brain, and tests spatial sense in a sentences.
As per Abdulhai, two electronic lexicons could be prescribed for an exact and right interpretation.Essentially, these machines are: Sakhr and Systran.What recognizes these electronic interpreters from normal interpreters is, as indicated by the specialist, their capacity to abstain from submitting botches that are every now and again made by individual.One reason why the interpretation of these two translating machines is that their interpretation experiences a few stages what the scientist called "interpreting process" These include: Decoding the importance of the source content and re-encoding this significance in the objective dialect and the exchanged significance alongside the semantics is the most noteworthy purpose of core interest.A few analysts took glimpse at the issue from another edge.Kronrod, Ann, & Engel (2001) investigated two Israeli newspaper headlines on the entities for transmission system of spoken or written and visual or auditory using appropriate referring expressions.In their investigation, they examined patterns of referring in various Israeli daily newspaper headlines according to accessibility theory (Ariel, 1988(Ariel, , 1990)).They focused on headlines, based on Jucker (1996) in assuming that the headline is an element, evolved from the news item itself.They added that from examined two kinds of daily newspapers: one is sold out in kiosks on the street, and the other is a subscription paper.Consequently, they suggested, briefness and curiosity-arousal inspire the preference for accessibility markers, which mark a higher grade of accessibility than accessibility theory would have foreseen.Franiuk, Seefelt, & Vandello (2008) examined the prevalence of rape myths in headlines and their effects on attitudes toward rape.Their research explored the predominance and impacts of assault myths in daily paper features.In study 1, a substance investigation of online news features from US media (N =555) encompassing the 2003-2004 Kobe Bryant rape case demonstrated that 10% embraced an assault myth.In study 2, understudies at a medium sized college in the mid-western USA (N=154) read features underwriting or not supporting assault myths.Male members presented to myth-underwriting features were (a) less inclined to think Bryant was blameworthy than those presented to non-myth features, (b) more prone to hold assault steady states of mind than those presented to non-myth features, and (c) more prone to hold assault strong demeanors than were female members presented to myth-embracing headline.

Methodology
The paper invented using the qualitative method research approach in which qualitative research is defined as the best suited to address a research problem in which one do not know the variables and need to explore.The literature might yield little information about the phenomenon of study, one need to learn more from participants through exploration (Creswell, 2005).Also, it paper employed document analysis according to Bloor & Bloor (1995), Downing & Locke (2006), Halliday (1994), and Halliday & Matthiessen (2004) are among the exponents of the Systemic Functional Grammar who intend that the central mechanisms of meaning of prepositions are their functional components.Prepositional patterns do play their roles in any speech events.They show their communicative functions in "contexts of situation" or the social functions (Halliday, 1973).The social functions determine "the pattern of language varieties… or registers… of a community or of an individual, …derived from the range of uses that language is put to in that particular culture or sub-culture" (Halliday, 1973, p. 22).This meaning will vary according to specific registers, fields, and text-types.In a Hallidayan transitive clause, it normal voices five choices-the subject, predicate, verb, complement, and adjunct.Prepositional phrases are expressed as circumstantial adjuncts and post-modifiers.Downing & Locke (2006), Halliday (1994); Halliday & Hasan (1985), and Halliday & Matthiessen (2004) propose more than nine main types of circumstantial semantic functions, for example location, direction (path) and goal, extent, manner, cause, contingency, accompaniment, role, matter, and angle.These ranges of meanings were adopted in this current paper as apoint of reference prior to the students work with the concordance lines (Bryman, 2012).
The following headlines in Nigerian newspapers presented political aspirations before and after 2015 election.Headline 1, 2 and 3 presents movement of the newly elect Nigeria president Muhammadu Buhari flush his home town.The communicative function of preposition therein 1, 2 and 3 adopted the two form of techniques of spatial prepositions contain and containment and forward system, whereas the headline 1 contains a spatial technique; Backward to presents ambiguous statement as mention by (Platt, Weber, & Ho, 1984;Mu¨nte, Wieringa, Weyerts, Szentkuti, Matzke, & Johannes 2000).
Newspapers are influential and can affect the way people think about international events and Nigerian politics by presenting issues in different ways.Thus, the choice of words for the decissions about which fact to include and which to exclude and the ranking of evants in the front page all influence the reader (Throne, 2008).He added that the ideology and aims of newspaper practitioners are to individualise in the the analysis of newspapers certain consideration of both headlines and reporting styles.

Summary
The reviewing research in existence from publications is conspicuous.Henceforth, the examples provided for the reference works are repeated over and over again on the hidden ideology of editors rarely, being revised or replaced.If the realization of possible sense is carried out in neglect possible functions data sets, then sense tend to be ignored that do not come to mind with immediate effect.The present paper is exemplified the English spatial prepositions on newspaper headline with common suspense (e.g., Rodger & Dor) these publications apprehended on spatial static and dynamic prepositions, exploring the decisions and apprehensions of the space and time in the language strings, these are mostly seldom touch at institutions of learning when compared with the other sub-sense of the prepositions and it focused on investigating the usage of these prepositions not as time issues, but as place subjects according to the significance they occupy, for the democratic sessions in the headlines of the Nigerian newspaper wherein they are decoded in January to March 2015 Nigeria election.

Objective One
To Exemplify the Impact of the Usage of Spatial Prepositions in the Headlines of Nigerian Newspapers.This objective was achieved by providing the answer to research question 1, which asked "What are the impact of spatial prepositions for political aspirations in the headlines of Nigerian newspapers?"The findings revealed that the Nigerian newspaper editors played a vital role in using three system of spatial preposition backward, forward and contain and containment which generally constructed headlines with target prepositions.However, a total of two hundred headlines were chosen based on the sequence of the dates.This shows that four newspapers had the capability in addressing the research question one and to achieve objective one, which are almost similar to all other English strings.This is followed by the frequent insertion of the prepositions in effective communication.Finally, it revealed that the usage of spatial prepositions is one of the greater heights in any strings of the English language, as it appears in the Nigerian newspapers, while the constructions on the same information, as stated above, need to review their constructions.This indicates that there is a virtual improvement in the usage of English prepositions proficiently.The result further revealed that the Nigerian newspapers are in the position duly based on the theory of Haliday for textual functions.This has its effect taken from the differences that lie between the structures of language.It has been mentioned that by related research work the primary prepositions have a greater effect in effective positions in the language.
The result agreed with most of the studies conducted in other languages like Bada (2001) and Al-Saidat (2010).Although the areas of the communicative functions of English language prepositions on which these researches were conducted may differ, yet all of the researches revealed that there are considerable spatial systems that differ from the other languages.However, the major area of this objective one is to explain the usage of the preposition on newspapers headlines based on the arrangement of words for communication that determine how pressmen/editors manipulate of the main idea by the use of language.

Objective Two
To exemplify the usage of spatial prepositions in the headlines of Nigerian newspapers.This declares political issues in Nigeria and spatial prepositional phrases within those headlines indicating clear issues on politics as: Headline18 If you must probe Fayose, Omisore why not beam same light on Aregbesola, Oshiomole, Fayemi; PDP tells Buhari Headline 19 Anarchy looms in Abia as third contender emerges, challenges court ruling affirming Ogah as gov-elect.
Headlines expresses the opposition party's clarion call for their clear interest in the quest of justice among two Politian's while second headline reveals a set of government in Abia which clearly is calling the attention of the world to intervene to serve other party interests, as Stromberg (1998) expressed Spatial cognition studies have helped to linking cognitive psychology and neuroscience together.Moreover, scientists in both fields work together to figure out what role spatial cognition plays in the brain as well as the neurobiological infrastructure that surrounds it.It has been found by other researches that neurological and neuropsychological problems were linked to a difference in spatial behavior.Edward (2000) cited Retz-Schmidt (1988) where he described spatial cognition as a concern with the study of knowledge and beliefs about the spatial properties of objects and events in the world.

Headline 1 )
Photos: President Buhari in Daura, Katsina State for the weekend Headline 2) If you must probe Fayose, Omisore why not beam same light on Aregbesola, Oshiomole, Fayemi; PDP tells Buhari Headline 3) Photos: Buhari receives 1953 classmates in Daura Headline 4) Mass retrenchment: NLC faction, NUBIFIE insist on picketing banks Headline 5) Thousands march through London in anti-Brexit protest Headline 6) Referendum: Dubious omission in Nigeria's constitution Headline 7) Anarchy looms in Abia as third contender emerges, challenges court ruling affirming Ogah as gov-elect Headline 8) Referendum: Dubious omission in Nigeria's constitution Headline 9) Nigerian inflation soars to 11year high in October Headline 10) Fani-kayode's remand at kuje prison stack traial in lagos Headline 11) At least killed in police-shiites clash.The Guardian Nov. 6th, 2016 (p. 2) Headline 12) Police killed 10 shiites in kano Headline 13) Toddler dies in attack on church Headline 14) Solders fakes own kidnap in calabar arrested in eket Headline 15) On revenge porn again Headline 16) Stolen Olympic medal found in rubbish heap (Punch)