Three Complex Prepositions with And

The discussion on complex prepositions has been centered on the string whose structure is preposition plus nominal plus preposition (PNP). However, there are other strings whose internal structures are quite distinct from the above and which are undergoing the process of grammaticalization and should be treated as single grammatical components, i.e. complex prepositions, in given circumstances where they appear. Three of those are up and above, down and below, and from top to bottom and across. They all share one characteristic that they have and in the second final position before the string final prepositions. They all appear in almost every circumstance where a single word preposition may appear. In addition, they all can be used as prepositional adverb which is a prominent major derivational use of single word prepositions.


Complex Preposition as a Part of Grammaticalization
Grammaticalization is a process by which content words become grammatical items (Hopper & Traugott, 1993, 2003) In English there are a number of complex prepositions where prepositions and adverbs combine together and form single word prepositions, i.e. into, onto, upon, within, without, although the status of items which are considered as adverbs in these instances may be a little bit controversial.The fact is, they have already completed grammaticalization process and become single lexical items.
What has gathered attention was the existence of PREP 1 +NOUN+PREP 2 (PNP) complex prepositions (Quirk et. al., 1972).Since strings of three items are claimed to form grammatical units on their own, their level of grammaticalization posed delicate questions whether they really are functioning as real grammatical entities.

Previous Discussions
The existence of complex prepositions consisting of PNP was noted by Quirk & Mulholland (1964).Seppanen, Bowen & Trotta (1994) refuted the existence of complex prepositions and claimed that they are instances of free forms.Hoffmann (2005), on the basis of vast corpus study, illustrated that they are actually grammatical units.
What has been absent in their scope of discussion was that there are other strings whose internal structures are quite different and which have gone through the process of grammaticalization and begun to function as complex prepositions.Inoue (2012) has indicated two instances of such fixed expressions.

Three Other Complex Prepositions
There are still other complex prepositions.Three of which are up and above, down and below, and from top to bottom and across.They all exhibit distribution patterns which are quite close to those of single word prepositions.In addition, they all can be used as prepositional adverbs.Thus, their unity as integrated strings is even stronger than PNP complex prepositions which can rarely be used as such.

Tests by Linguistic Functions
A single word preposition acts as a head of a prepositional phrase.This prepositional phrase is used for a number of linguistic functions.Among them are: (1) Predicative Nominal Modifier a cup on the table The building stands at the corner.
(3) Transitive Verb Complement I put the car into the garage.
In addition, a major derivational use of single word prepositions is a prepositional adverb.
We stayed on.
If a string in question can be used in all of these functions, it can be considered as a strong candidate for a complex preposition.

Distribution Patterns of Three Complex Prepositions with And
In this section, distribution patterns of three complex prepositions, up and above, down and below, and form top to bottom and across, which contain and in the second final position of the strings will be examined.From a semantic relationship between items before and after and within each string, the first two will be called synonymous type and the last, complementary type.

Synonymous Type
Complex prepositions, up and above and down and below, are called synonymous type because the semantic relationship between elements before and after and within each string is synonymous.Although we can recognize this quite similar semantic relationship in elements within strings, meanings of the two entire expressions are quite the opposite.
In the following, distribution patterns of up and above will be examined first.

Up and Above
Cases in which the string appears in major functions that prepositional phrase, in which up and above will be the head, may perform will be sited one by one.The use as prepositional adverb will be taken up at the last of this section.
In its original sense, up and above indicates the direction toward the opposite of gravitational force.In numerical terms, this means bigger.In metaphorical sense, this means better.

Predicative Nominal Modifier
(1) For a while, the return climb doesn't seem all that bad -a gradual rise up and above a small stream, through a neat hardwood forest.
http://www.roanoke.com/outdoors/hiking/43059.html,retrieved 2012/3/10 (2) The small opening at the bottom of the sinkhole opens up into the "ceiling" of the cave 66 feet up and above a huge pile of breakdown.
http://vtrail.com/byalphabet/ctrails/caveridge.html,retrieved 2012/3/10 (3) Whilst you may ideally be after a model up and above a 42 inch LCD TV, don't go sacrificing quality for size when your budget is limited.
http://www.definiteanswers.com/q/Are-there-administrative-fees-or-other-service-charges-up-and-above-the-property-management-and-leas-4dd4f5a1df259, retrieved 20123/3/6 http://www.etsy.com/listing/43683487/blue-peruvian-opal-ring,retrieved 2012/3/11 (39) A major factor which must be considered, if the benefits of leadership are to be given full rein in an organization, is the existence of a good communications system, from top to bottom and across.

Conclusion
All three strings occur in major functions where single word prepositions are used.In addition, they can be used as prepositional adverbs.This strongly indicates the cohesion of these strings as single units.What these corpus data show is that they are forming some kind of units of their own and that their behavior, in syntactic terms, is very close to that of single word prepositions.Thus, these strings may well be considered complex prepositions.

Strings without And
Both complex prepositions have corresponding strings without and.Although their occurrences are rarer than those with and, they can be used in the same syntactic positions including prepositional adverb positions.Consider the following: (40) Scientific analysis has confirmed that oil bubbling up above BP's sealed Deepwater Horizon well in recent days is a chemical match for the hundreds of millions of gallons of oil that spewed into the Gulf last summer.
http://www.floridaoilspilllaw.com/confirmed-oil-bubbling-up-above-macondo-well-is-chemical-match-to-bps-cr ude-says-noaas-ed-overton-photos/, retrieved 2012/3/12 (41) However, this time, the RSI popped up above 70, and shows bullish momentum, although the near-term may be overbought.The frequency rate of this string is quite low, so we will have wait and see whether this string is well-established as a complex lexical item.

from top to bottom and across.
2.1.1.2IntransitiveVerbComplement(5) Just plant higher growing plants that will grow up and above the squash or the squash may smother them out or prevent them from getting proper light.http://barbara-kay.hubpages.com/hub/Butternut-Squash,retrieved ://www.forbes.com/sites/davidroth/2012/10/31/transparency-across-the-ranks-can-they-handle-the-truth/,retrieved 2012/12/8 (55) The fact that he was able to redesign American commerce top to bottom and across is really stunning.http://www.voanews.com/learningenglish/home/Steve-Jobs-Remembered-131419558.html,retrieved 2011/10/10 (43) Holding the camera straight up above, more and different patterns appear . . . .and then looking down to the horizon, the sky, of course, goes on forever.http://juliafoggterrain.wordpress.com/2012/02/28/up-above/,2012/3/10 (44) The top number north of the line is called the numerator and the number down below the line is the denominator.employees.http