Free Institutional Internet References and the Language of Covid-19

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Introduction
When new concepts need to be named, there are usually three options: extending the meaning of existing words (and phrases) in neosemanticisms, coining a new word or phraseological unit based on existing rules, also complex words relying on grammatical and extra-grammatical morphology, and borrowing words and phraseological units (Durkin, 2009;ten Hacken & Panocová, 2020, adapted).
The World Health Organization declared the COVID-19/SarS-COV-2 outbreak a pandemic on 11 March 2020 (WHO, 2020).They determined that it was "an established and ongoing health issue which no longer constitute [d] a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC)" on 5 May 2023 (WHO, 2023).
The unprecedented circumstances of the COVID-19 pandemic have necessitated adopting terms from virology, public health, medicine and allied disciplines in general language usage, as well as coining and using new terms related to those aspects of life that have been impacted.This was part of the strenuous efforts put in medical journalism (Hettiarachchi & Noreen, 2020, p. 38), official government communication and the press towards accomplishing related objectives -from increasing public awareness and disseminating knowledge about COVID-19 research, health and policies (Keshvari et al., 2018, p. 14), through promoting specific measures and counter fear, to providing round-the-clock news coverage of reports, statements and publications by national and international news agencies, health organizations, research centers, institutes and institutions.There was an urgent need for researchers and health professionals to share specialist information, and for professionals, organizations, local and national governments to reach out to the public at large.With the web in power stage (Moor, 2005), our knowledge search habits have increasingly changed.We have learnt to demand fast(er) access to more and preferably free information (Sunstein, 2008;Lorentzen & Theilgaard, 2012;Lew & de Schryver, 2014).This means sidelining active searches and long-established paying options like the authoritative Oxford Dictionaries, in print or online, which command trustworthiness and esteem based on a history of subsequent editions, taken-for-granted lexicographic and professional expertise and the publisher's unrivalled reputation.On the other hand, webpages on the front end of google search listings are automatically held to be credible and authoritative sources of knowledge (Sunstein, 2008;Lorentzen & Theilgaard, 2012).In the context of the Covid-19, browsing the internet for terms would sooner or later cross-refer users to free collective reference works like Wikipedia or Wiktionary.Another scenario could involve users browsing freely-available sources on non-institutional and institutional platforms or landing on such pages when located at the front end of Google search listings (e.g., the UK Government's official directory, Gov.uk, or the pages set up by the U.S. Food and Drugs Administration at Fda.gov).
This raises a number of issues.Online lexicographical works by amateur lexicographers may provide thin if incorrect content (Lew & de Schryver, 2014), depart from lexicographic practice and be consistently inconsistent.Wiktionary may not be adequate for comprehension, and non-professional online reference tools may boil down to poor glossaries that explain terms for content published on the particular website, or products and services on offer (Fuertes-Olivera, 2009).
The present paper is concerned with the inclusion in free institutional English-language internet reference works of words and phrases, also new coinages, used to discuss health, disease, treatments and medical breakthroughs in the context of COVID-19.Another goal concerns starting discussion about meaning descriptions.The focus is on the glossaries that are available on the websites of the UK Parliament and UK Government, i.e. on credible and authoritative platforms that are in various ways intended to serve as seats for asymmetrical transfer and mediation of knowledge about their operations and services (Engberg & Luttermann, 2014;Cacchiani, 2018aCacchiani, , 2018b)): Coronavirus (Covid-19) definitions (CoD) is an online interactive glossary published by the Office of National Statistics (ONS) in 2021; the COVID-19 glossary (CoG) is published by the Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology (POST).Cross-verification of wordlists and lexicographical meaning paraphrases in selected dictionary entries is carried out based on free and unlocked content from Oxford Reference (FrOR) and the English Wiktionary (EN-Wik).The analysis is strictly qualitative and aims to lay the groundwork for evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of internet refences.
The paper is structured as follows.Section 2 provides some introductory remarks on the compilers, functions and target users of the reference works under consideration.Section 3 is devoted to methodology and framework of analysis.While we work in the tradition of the Function Theory of Lexicography (Bergenholtz & Tarp, 1995), we also adopt insights from Wiegand's (1977 ff.) Actional-Semantic Theory of Dictionary Form.Section 4 looks into the inclusion of COVID-19-related lemmas in CoG and CoD vis-à-vis FrOR and EN-Wik, in connection with their purported functions and relevant extra-lexicographical social situations.Section 4 offers some concluding remarks.

Free Internet Reference Tools
In this section we look at the reference works under scrutiny through the lens of the Function Theory of Lexicography (Bergenholz & Tarp, 1995;Bergenholtz & Nielsen, 2006;Fuertes-Olivera, 2009;Agerbo, 2017).The typical extra-lexicographical social situation associated with Covid-19 consisted of lay-users surfing the net for utilitarian data that could fulfil their cognitively-oriented and possibly operative questions.In lexicographic terms, cognitively-oriented needs cover the acquisition of linguistic and semantico-encyclopaedic information ("What?")(Tarp, 2008;Bergenholtz & Bothma, 2011); when the user 's needs and questions are operative, the focus is on procedural information ("How to?") (Agerbo, 2017).
Coronavirus  definitions (CoD) is the UK government's interactive glossary (as per page name, Coronavirus (COVID-19) Interactive Glossary) (Note 1).It was published during the Covid-19 emergency by experts at the Office for National Statistics (ONS), or the UK's largest independent producer of official statistics and its recognized national statistical institute.Broadly, their mission is to collect, analyze and disseminate statistics which serves the public good, about the UK's economy, society and population (Note 2).Particularly, CoD is the outcome of work carried out by ONS experts and associates working on the Health and Social Care core engagement theme, who take up recommendations from the Covid-19 Infection Surveillance Digital Advisory Board (Note 3).
CoD is a multi-field, free institutional restricted (i.e., domain-focused) glossary that allows access to around 60 lemmas via a search box and drop-down menu.It inherits features that characterize the Gov.uk platform.In the words of the UK Government, Gov.uk is "[t]he best place to find government's services and information" (Note 4).Research into the digital written text and the visual representation of utility content on selected directories (Cacchiani, 2018a(Cacchiani, , 2018b) ) indicates that a significant portion of Gov.uk is designed for asymmetric communication of specialized knowledge from the UK government to lay citizens; the platform comes close to realizing mature information formats (Tognazzini, 2014) via recourse to usable (Nielsen, 1995 ff.) webpage layout and user interfaces especially intended to give citizens quick and easy help and support with utility content, or basic users' queries about knowledge and documentation that they might need.We therefore assume a tool that serves the knowledge-oriented needs of specific target users -semi-experts and lay-users -who are increasingly confronted with scientific and technical concepts and require assistance with comprehending information about the evolving Covid-19 scenario.
We do not assume that CoD's target users are experts or semi-experts in health and medicine, economics and social science.One reason for this appears to be that CoD is not connected via clickable buttons to expert content such as provided on Freedom of Information (FOI) (Note 5) -with pdf landing sites answering user requests of documentation, e.g.Deaths from COVID-19 by vaccination status up from January to August 2023, released on 20 September 2023.Additionally, CoD is not linked to the specialist datasets and publications on Coronavirus (COVID-19) (Note 6) on the social and economic impact of COVID-19.
A comparable resource appears to be the COVID-19 glossary (CoG) (Note 7).The resource was published on 13 January 2022 by the Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology (POST), whose mission is to source "reliable and impartial scientific research for Parliament."CoG comprises nearly 200 "definitions for the most commonly used scientific terms relating to COVID-19, as well as a list of organizations involved in public health, their acronyms and descriptions of their work." Based on transmitter's descriptions, inclusion in UK institutional pages, as well as use of plain language in the digital written copy preceding the glossary and layout arrangements for information layering and scannability, it seems reasonable to suggest that the CoG caters for the comprehension needs of the general public.Observed usability features that aim to transfer, mediate (Engberg et al., 2018) and make utility content accessible include high Flesch Reading Ease scores (70 to 80 out of 100; as determined by the WebFX Readability Test Tool), as well as clauses with no more than 15 words (Loranger, 2017) and writing at the 6-8 Grade Level for the general audience and at up to Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level 12 for experts (Nielsen, 2015).Other important considerations are the use of in-page hyperlinks with items that do not overlap conceptually within each (sub-)category (Huei-Hsin & Chan, 2023) and recourse to interlocutive dialogic devices (Bres, 1985) such as imperatives and second-person pronouns for addressing users.Importantly, the glossary is also intended for assisting users with decoding and understanding POST contents: this is demonstrated by the COVID-19 clickable button, which takes users to another location (Note 8) for summaries and full PDFs of research briefings, rapid responses and notes about aspects of health and social care related to Covid-19.
Oxford Reference -Answers with Authority (OR) (Note 9) is an entirely different tool.Libraries in the UK maintain subscriptions for public use to OR platform -which provides access to Oxford University Press's authoritative Dictionaries, Companions and Encyclopedias in 25 subject areas.Compiled by leading experts, their express function is to make specialized knowledge accessible to multiple target users.Generally, based on the outside matter (preface and promotional blurb), the titles that have been remediated for online can be said to serve as quick references for experts and professionals, as reference materials for those working in allied professions, as essential A-Zs for students in the subject field, as guides for professionals in other subject fields, and as answers to knowledge-oriented question that lay-users might have about various aspects of the subject and area of concern.We are exclusively interested in free and unlocked content (henceforth, Free Oxford Reference: FrOR) such as macrostructures, partial microstructures and full entries available in Overview.In particular, the emphasis lies in areas in the domain 'Medicine and Health', as well as in 'English Dictionaries'.
Wiktionary (Wik) is the prototype of a free multi-language internet dictionary that has been collectively compiled by people that do not belong to recognizable private or public organizations.All entries can be edited by users.Users and compilers are said to be "passionate about quality" (Note 10).Ideally, they follow the standard lexicographic protocol that is available in the outer matter.Their goal is to reach consensus within the community around accurate, neutral summaries of facts for prospective dictionary users (Fuertes-Olivera, 2009, p. 107).On the day it was last accessed (1 December 2023), the English-language Wiktionary (EN-Wik) includes a dictionary, "thesaurus, a rhyme guide, phrase books, language statistics and extensive appendices.Besides definitions, dictionary entries comprise information about etymologies, pronunciations, sample quotations, synonyms, antonyms and translations" (Note 11).

Methodology and Framework of Analysis
Our intention in this paper is to look into the macro-and microstructures of CoG and CoD in connection with their purported functions, compiler profiles, user needs and profiles, and the relevant extra-lexicographical social situations.Meaning representation within microstructures and, where present, mediostructures will be only addressed in passim.To this purpose, we work in the tradition of the Function Theory of Lexicography (Bergenholtz & Tarp, 1995).While we are fully aware of the many ways in which it has rejected, incorporated or modified other paradigms over time -for one, Wiegand's (1977 ff.) notion of genuine purpose of the dictionary (see Bergenholtz & Tarp, 2003) -we integrate basic tenets from the Function Theory with notions from Wiegand's (1977 ff.) Actional-Semantic Theory of Dictionary Form.
Addressing the needs of lay-users in free restricted institutional glossaries and in remediated utilitarian, commercial paper dictionaries for multiple target users has a bearing on wordlist, mediostructure and type and amount of information included in the entry.First, semasiological structures allow students, semi-experts and lay users to retrieve information, which they would not be able to look up via the underlying concept or related hyperonym.Regarding CoD and CoG, in terms of Search Engine Optimization, entries accessed via queries in the search box or the drop-down menu (as in CoD) might offer short and perhaps thin content above-the-fold; entries in wordlists that extend beyond the current screen might prove to be even shorter and thinner.Turning to professional lexicographic resources like the books in OR, and, for that matter, FrOR, we expect entries in a semasiological macrostructure, with short but not deplorably thin content that users will visualize above the fold.
Generally, for longer copy, modularity is a distinctive feature of user-friendly dictionary entries that are the outcome of professional lexicography (e.g.OR dictionaries, though not CoD and CoG).That is, different senses are listed in a nested structure.On the other hand, entry size is kept within reasonable limits thanks so specific features of the medio-and microstructure: at the mediostructural level, cross-referencing to related entries as a form of meaning description and further explanation of synonyms, hyperonyms, etc. or, at the microstructural level, condensation via standard dictionary conventions.Wiegand (1977Wiegand ( , 1992Wiegand ( , 2015) )  g) Integrate core: Segments giving meaning, which play a crucial role in meaning description.It may be followed by front or back integrates or comments, e.g. on etimology (EtyA [Angabe zur Etymologie]).Semantico-encyclopaedic information may be present, e.g. in semantico-encyclopaedic comments (sem-enzyK [semantisch-enzyclopädisch Kommentar]).h) Enlargement: BPAs may be enlarged in many ways.For instance, with mediostructural cross-references (VerwA [Verweisangabe]) to additional specialist information (AFE [Angabe zur fachlichen Erklärung]).
Regarding CoD, it is important to note that in line with usability guidelines for content layering and scannability, separate wordlists are arranged around conceptual domains within what we may refer to as the 'COVID-19 ICM' (sensu Lakoff, 1987: ICM: Idealized Cognitive Model), thus approaching: terms used to describe the biology of the virus (Bio), terms used in understanding how covid spreads and how it can be contained (Spr-Cont); terms used in research about COVID-19 (Res), e.g. in subfields such as epidemiology and immunology, biomedicine and biochemistry; terms about statistics (Stats), which are an essential part of research in (public) medicine and health, epidemiology and immunology, biomedicine and biochemistry; terms used in drug development (Dev) and in Covid-19 treatment (Treat); terms used to discuss the immune response to Covid-19, immunizations and vaccines (Resp); names of national and international organizations involved in the Covid-19 response, and in public-health and medicine regulations, decision-making and scientific advice in response to Covid-19 (Org).
The analysis in Section 4 is organized around the domains Bio, Spr-Cont, Res, Stats, Dev, Treat, Resp and Org.Matching tables will be presented in turn, with separate columns for the wordlists of CoD and CoG, OR, FrOR, and OD -i.e.free, unlocked and restricted entries in OR's English Dictionaries -as well as EN-Wik.Based on manual examination of all entries, they detail information around the descriptors in (a) to (c).Additional observations on selected lemmas within each category are given as the analysis unfolds.The section concludes with some remarks on lexicographical practice in the microstructures.a) √: Inclusion within the wordlist of terms in the particular subfield, also multi-word expressions (√Acr: Acronym; √FF: Full form).Alternatively, BPA: Inclusion in the meaning paraphrase; PA: Inclusion in nested entries; Bei: Inclusion in explanatory example; FE: Occurrence in items giving further specialist information; Ver: Internal/External cross-reference, e.g. to the English Wikipedia (Wip).b) R-Lemma: Inclusion of terms that are paradigmatically related (P) to CoD and CoG lemmas via synonymy, hyponymy, hyperonymic and hyponymic relations, meronymy or holonymy (Murphy, 2016), or that can be associated to CoD and CoG lemmas based on external relations in the ICM (ICM) such as action types (e.g.purposive 'is used for'), process types (e.g.originatory 'originates/is converted into'), etc. (Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez & Pascual Aransaez, 1997-1998); Fo-Lemma: inclusion of lemma with similar form.c) Gen: Inclusion of general vocabulary.For polysemy, Bez: Lemma with changed referent; Fr: Lemma with different frame features; FG: Lemma in a different subject field/reference domain; Met: Metonymic semantic shift.

Data Analysis and Discussion
Table 1 presents an overview of the terms used to describe the biology of the virus (Bio).General references like OD and EN-Wik provide ample coverage of DNA and paradigmatically related terms (gene, genome, RNA and mRNA/messenger RNA), co-hyponyms like pandemic and epidemic, and new Covid-related words, such as COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 in the fields of public health, medicine and epidemiology.Lineage, carriage, fitness or reservoir are generic terms -there are no polysemy items that cover reference in the subfields of genetics and biochemistry/biology. OD resources at OR dictionaries can assist lay-users with the comprehension of words and terms that have become more common with Covid-19.In this connection, Garner's Modern English Usage (2022, 5th ed.) states that pandemic has become significantly more frequent than before the emergency, "ubiquitous in fact" with particular reference to the Covid-19 epidemic (GME: pandemic).Crucially, however, coverage of new terms such as COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 in the nomenclature for respiratory diseases and their causing agent is limited in OR to A Dictionary of Nursing (2021, 8ed.;DN: COVID-19;SARS-CoV-2) and absent from FrOR, while long COVID and spike protein have not been recorded yet.Also, OR resources in specialist (sub)fields do not cover metonymic shifts in general language use.Consider Coronavirus: as per the Baltimore classification of viruses and enveloped viruses, in science coronavirus denotes "[a] family of viruses that have a positive-strand RNA genome and are characterized by a viral envelope from which petal-shaped spikes protrude.The virus causing severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in humans belongs to this family.Its genome contains 27,727 nucleotides."(A Dictionary of Genetics, 2014, 8. ed.; DGn: coronavirus).On the other hand, in the Oxford English Dictionary online, 2 ed. and Additions, sense 2 of the Coronavirus entry -originally an addition from 2003, during the SARS-1 outbreak -has been rewritten to include circumstantial information about the more recent Covid-19, as well as to account for the metonymic shift from infective agent to the disease in general language use, possibly an instance of determinologization (sensu Meyer & Mackintosch, 2000): "Any of the coronaviruses (genus Betacoronavirus) responsible for outbreaks of life-threatening respiratory disease in humans, esp. the major pandemic beginning in 2019 (see .Also as a mass noun: the disease caused by such a virus; spec.Covid-19' (OED: coronavirus, n. 2)." (For discussion of the language of COVID-19 in the Oxford English Dictionary, see Salazar & Wild, 2022.) The observations on Table 1 find support in Table 2, which reviews the terms related to the spread and containment (Spr-Cont) of Covid-19.An important point concerns terms that were borrowed between specialist domains (Durkin 2009, p. 164: borrowing within languages, between different specialist registers) and/or have become more frequent than before in relation to covid.CoD and CoG offer access to one-word and multi-word units, including highly technical terms such as False positive and False negative, Flattening the curve, Patient zero, Booster and Super-spreader, which have only recently become more common in expert discourse and Generally, reference units in CoD and CoG are extremely short, and nested structures with semantico-encyclopaedic subcomments and multiple subsenses for technical specifications are not an option.One exception is (1), Variant of concern (VOC) (CoG), with identification of function in the meaning paraphrase and specialist additions for different variant types (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Omicron), in turn coming with relator (also known as), synonym/equivalent item, and encyclopaedic information (It was first detected in England in December 2020) or mediostructural reference: Variant that, following a risk assessment by expert committees, is believed to have the potential for causing more severe disease, more deaths, increased transmissibility, resistance to treatments, or evading immunity conferred by vaccination or previous infection.
Examples Most entries have an integrate core with definition by genus and differentia, specification of knowledge of category and function, and items or sentences that serve as specialist competence additions.They illustrate the case of objective exposition, which does not address users directly (Bres, 1985; Section 3).Whereas readability scores in some entries align with usability guidelines (Nielsen, 2015), as in examples ( 1) and (3), Latinate terminology can reduce readability in texts that strive for condensation, brevity and conciseness.as in (2).

Coronaviruses
(2) A family of viruses

Conclusions
This chapter has offered a review of the coverage of terms related to Covid-19 in English language free institutional Internet glossaries that are available on the websites of the UK Government and Parliament -i.e. on credible and authoritative platforms that are in various ways intended to serve as seats for asymmetrical transfer and mediation of knowledge about their operations and services: Coronavirus Cross-verification of wordlists in CoD and CoG as well as of lexicographical treatment in selected dictionary entries was carried out vis-à-vis free and unlocked content from the Oxford Reference (OR) platform and the English Wiktionary (EN-Wik), in connection with their purported functions and relevant extra-lexicographical social situations.To this purpose, we integrated somewhat liberally insights from the Function Theory of Lexicography (Bergenholtz & Tarp, 1995), and Wiegand's (1977Wiegand's ( , 1992Wiegand's ( , 2015) ) Actional-Semantic Theory of Dictionary Form.
The analysis demonstrates that the combined wordlists of CoD and CoG provide ample coverage not only of new terms such as Covid-19 as well as of recent terms that have not been recorded in OR yet.More specifically, CoD and CoG provide access to one-word and multi-word units that constitute reductions of longer strings in subject (sub)fields, e.g., Adverse event (Adverse health event), Antibody therapy (Antibody-directed drug therapy); Antiviral (Antiviral drug).Also included in the glossaries are: head-modifier constructs with head and modifier, which are given as separate lemmas in OR, e.g., Active component (Biologically active and Component); lemmas that are part of general vocabulary (Antibiotics, Anti-inflammatory drugs); extant terms that have become to be used especially frequently (Herd immunity); terms that were borrowed between specialist domains (Social distancing, Shielding).Additionally, we could observe ample coverage of names -not only names of antiviral medicines eventually authorized for the treatment of Covid-19 (Remdesivir), but also names for national groups (SAGE), companies (IVQUIA, ZOE), committees, institutes and organizations (NICE), agencies (Public Health England, PHE) and departments (DHSC) involved in the Covid-19 response, in public-health and medicine regulations, decision-making and scientific advice in response to COVID-19.
Overall, Coronavirus (COVID-19) Definitions and the COVID-19 Glossary depart from professional lexicographical practice in a number of ways (e.g., in relation to non-natural condensation and mediostructural cross-referencing).However, we hope to have minimally demonstrated that they offer thin though not incorrect content.In fact, they provide basic answers to the potential questions of lay-users -which is in line with the government's social responsibility to promote health, prevent disease and protect health.
key terms are used to start discussion of lexicographical practice in dictionary entries (reference units; A [Wörterbüchartikel]) from CoD and CoG vis-à-vis FrOR and EN-Wik.a) (Non-natural) condensation (v.: condensed [verdichtete]): reduction of form, e.g.via ellipsis, summary, substitution, shifting, abbreviation, etc. b) Lexicographical definition: a text made up of definiendum, definitor (definition copula or absent relational expression), definiens (meaning paraphrase; BPA [Bedeutungsparaphraseangabe]).c) Discrete functional text segment within the entry: (basic) reference unit -either item or sentence -that can be identified based on function (and position); functional additions are enlarging text segments that are not separable in a functional positional way.For instance, usage glosses, specifications of the reference domain in the definiens (domain labels, FGA [Angabe des Fachgebiets]), specifications of the referent (BezSPA [Angabe des Spezifizierung des Bezugsobjects]), or, expanding on that, of other elements within a specific frame (FrSPA [Angabe des Spezifizierung der Frame]).Elementary segments only have one segment and one function.Non-elementary segments can have homogeneous or heterogeneous segments.d)Lexicographical meaning description: expository text that helps solve communication problems via answering predictable questions from prospective users(Wiegand, 1992: user prerequisite principle).e) Frame-based entry structure: with answers about basic descriptors in the definiens, which denote knowledge of categories (K(K) [Kategorie (Wissen der Kategorie)]), function (K(F) [Kategorie (Wissen der Function)]), forms and components (K(FBT) [Kategorie (Wissen der Form und Bestandteile)]), materials (K(M) [Kategorie (Wissen des Materiales)], also causes).f) Hierarchical microstructure: the structure of the reference unit, comprising information of equivalents (ÄquA [Angabe zur Äquivalenz]) and comments and subcomments (Ko [Kommentar], SKo [Subkommentar] on semantics (SSK [Subcommentar zur Semantik] in segments on meaning (BA [Bedeutungsangabe]) such as synonym ), etc. Segments giving polysemy, as in nested structures, are specified by the acronyms PA [Polysemie Angabe, e.g.PA1 Polysemieangabe 1].
definitions (CoD) is the online interactive glossary published by the Office of National Statistics (ONS); the COVID-19 glossary (CoG) is published by the Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology (POST).The written digital text in the glossary is based on research and statistics carried out by experts working for the government and parliament at the Office of National Statistics and the Parliamentary Office for Science and Technology.
[K]that cause respiratory and gastrointestinal illnesses in people[F].Wik, the usual criticisms about this collective enterprise apply(Fuertes-Olivera, 2009).The lexicographical treatment accorded to each term is consistently inconsistent, despite the inclusion in the outside matter of guidelines for entry layout in the English side.For instance, Coronavirus cross-refers externally to the English Wikipedia (Table1).Additionally, information in the definiens and specification of paradigmatically related meanings is often incorrect, as in the COVID-19 entry in (7).Setting aside other issues, it is important to note that the domain label in sense 2 specifies that a term with precise reference in the disease nomenclature (COVID-19) has undergone a metonymic shift in virology (and not in general language use) to denote the causing virus (Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2).Turning to paradigmatic meaning relations and external associations, the article cross-refers to so-called Synonyms, SARS-CoV-2 and SARSnCoV, which are in fact mutual equivalents -in the sense that SARSnCoV has been later named SARS-CoV-2 -but are not synonyms of Covid-19.Likewise, it is not clear how Coordinate terms relate to Covid-19 based on paradigmatic relations or external associations.