The Study of Poverty as a Deterrent to Economic Development of Russia

Article is devoted to an actual problem of poverty in Russia. Availability of poverty constrains economic development of Russia, because reduces economic activity of its inhabitants. Poverty separation by types is given. Based on surveys of different kinds dependencies poverty “poverty equation” built. The difference between the right and left parts of this equation shows the degree of social tension. Dependence of this tension on the time was obtained, and a comparison with significant events has been conducted.


Introduction
Poverty is widely discussed in the press, various researches pay much attention to fight against the poverty, special programs for fight against poverty are accepted, but clarity in this question isn't present.All the more difficult to announce the fight against poverty, if not very clear what it is.The question of influence of poverty on economic life remains an especially important, and its relevance increases if it is a question of Russia.The poverty level in Russia is difficult to establish, in contrast, for example, from Africa, where such a measure is $ 1 per day.It is connected with that the problem "is smeared" because of collateral sources of the income, and also because of subsistence economies in the form of personal plots.
In addition, a living wage varies greatly for different regions of Russia.The last question should be the subject of a separate study.Russia is a poor country and its poverty is a traditional and hereditary because of the nature of the historical development of our country.The part of scientists considers poverty as a fight condition for existence which stimulates development of society and separately taken individuals.This approach is professed by liberals, and it is called Social Darwinism.Others see the social evil in poverty, calling for its elimination through more egalitarian distribution of wealth among the people.These ideas often are an attribute of vulgar socialism, but all in all it is rather Socio-egalitarian socialism.

Literature Review
Poverty data, on which the results of this paper are based, are inconsistent, that is connected with the political component of this issue.It is connected with policy of the authorities.They underestimate poverty level, and independent researchers overstate.Without the bringing of the polar estimates the picture will be incomplete.Therefore in the paper various data from different sources are given.
As Sergeyev and Limansky (2009) write, poverty has many negative consequences.First of all, it is necessary to consider that poverty is a factor of social tension.This is particularly important to consider in the conditions of economic crisis in Russia, burdened by the widely held view on obvious social injustice of modern life, since the moment of repartition of state ownership.The poor are fighting with unfair, in their opinion, distribution of property and the income connected with it.They gravitate to "restoration of justice", up to the commission of crimes and to violent methods of political struggle.vanishes fruitlessly."Inherited" poverty when children of poor people at identical abilities have much less chances to self-actualize, than their contemporaries who were born in families with normal income is especially dangerous.About this author wrote in reference (2006).
As pointed Aleksandrova (2001), now in practice almost all States alike have placed of the poor people considerable attention.In Belarus, as well as in other countries of the former USSR, long time poverty practically has not analyzed because of an ideological prohibitions.Poverty was recognized as an attribute of the stratified capitalist societies.The very phenomenon of poverty has been reduced up to its particular manifestation as temporary financial difficulties of low-income groups.According to A. B. Alexandrova, the modern period of development of the Belarusian economy is accompanied by emergence of considerable number of the new poor.The "new poor" it are the same vulnerable groups as the "old poor", in particular, these include children, senior citizens, women who are engaged in unskilled labor, the unemployed, the homeless and working poor.
Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych (2010) at the beginning of its activity has signed a decree "On urgent measures to overcome poverty".Overcoming and counteraction of poverty is considered the major priority in implementation of reforms in Ukraine.
Measures to introduce new mechanisms for the resumption of production, stimulating economic growth through social progress, the creation of decent work and for implementation during the crisis short-term measures of help to the most vulnerable segments of the population are listed in the list of tasks assigned to the Ukrainian government.In addition, the scheme reforming wage, social security, pension and health insurance, as well as the introduction of a mechanism to provide young professionals first job entrusted to develop to the government.

Matherial & Methods
Whereas in Western Europe in modern times mainly negative attitude to the poor, who allegedly are themselves guilty of their misfortunes was formed, then in pre-revolutionary Russia poverty was seen as a grief, in which society is guilty rather than a specific individual.This interpretation of poverty as a product of an unjust social system contributed to the broad spread of socialist views.
In Soviet times, the concept of "poverty" is almost never used.The concept of "needy" treats the situation so that people ostensibly simply divided into those who get income to a greater and lesser extent, it came into his shift.According to many researchers, in Post-Soviet Russia the mass impoverishment of the population occurred.
A sharp divergence between a data of State Statistics Committee and the data obtained by individual researchers largely depend on the definition of poverty.State Statistic Committee proceeds from definition of poverty through the cost of living by measuring absolute poverty.The same researchers, who give higher estimates of poverty, usually measure relative poverty.
If to analyze the change of the living wage by years, is possible to get the graph shown in Figure 1.
It would be desirable to compare level of a living wage with a rate of inflation, but the assessment of reliability of published data is so low that their use for certain will make this schedule unauthentic.Khokhlova (2007) indicates that in Russian society, there is a large number of problems directly related to moral, social, moral, cultural and ethical aspects of business relations, social responsibility and ethics in business.In her opinion polarization of society leads to deformation of its social structure-to the formation of "pyramidal" a bunk model (minority "rich" at majority "poor"), that inherent to the underdeveloped and backward countries.

On
Social structure of "diamond-shaped" form is typical for developed countries, which in addition to the rich and poor minorities, includes majority of developed middle class (for example, in the United States to this category belong almost 75% of the population).
The current division of society, regions and citizens destroys the unity of Russia, enhances inter-regional and inter-ethnic conflicts, leads to an outflow of highly qualified personnel abroad and worsens educational and professional potential of society.Economic and social disparities are inevitably accompanied by the loss of civic stances, by the distortion of the socio-ethical, moral and ethical landmarks, by loss of socially responsible behavioral attitudes of economic subjects.As is known, primordial aspiration of people to any activity including entrepreneurship, are based on the deep intrinsic motivation, which, acting like a tightly coiled spring, induces to activity, determines the choice of actions and deeds of the individual.
Unfortunately, far for all subjects seems necessary to commensurate personal aspirations with economic and social objectives of the society, of the market, of certain categories consumers.A real businessman, multiplying their property and developing their business, multiplies the country's national wealth, and this is the only way to really improve the economic situation of society.
Business for businessman that was selected by him as his personal vocation and given him money, is the meaning of his existence and moral duty.He serves him selflessly and unselfishly, and money is a decent reward for the executed mission.
Neschadin (2003) notes that, in his opinion, poverty in Russia in contrast to the poverty in the United States, Germany or France, threatens the strategic development of the country.
In terms of economy today Russia looks like a small country with a rather poor population.There is a danger that the political attitude to our country will change in accordance to its place in the global economy.The consequence of poverty has become a vicious circle: low purchasing power of society, low demand for goods and services, reduction of the domestic market, the low purchasing power of the population.According to A. Neshchadin, it is virtually impossible to break it without increasing the income of the population.
According to him, poverty reduces the quality of human resources, such as health and education.It adversely affects the motivation of labor and social activity of the population, without which the country's economic growth is unreal, and it constrains the necessary social reforms.
We are constantly in jeopardy that a more active implementation of reforms (transition to 100% payment utilities, partially paid medicine and education) can lead a lot of people already over the edge of poverty, and the whole society -to a pretty big trouble.The presence of poverty artificially overrides the possibility of vertical migration, even for talented people who might in the future become the elite of the country.Poverty renders a "disarming" and "frigorific" impact on the activity of the people, besides from several positions.First, it provides a "bad start" without giving a knowledge, initial capabilities, understanding of the own future, etc.Secondly, it doesn't allow a person to outline "targets", "the trajectory of life development", since due to the limited vision of the world he can't imagine the complexity of reality, and existing development opportunities in this reality.
By following the above logic can be considered by poor people who spend all of their income on food.According official statistics their number is to 14% of the population (Ruvinskiy, 2008).But much more those, who spend on food overwhelming part of incomes, but are differ only slightly from the "actually" poor.
Because of the crisis, the number of Russians living below the poverty line has increased by 700.000 people -up to 19.7 million.This represents 14% of the total population of the country (Belyakov, 2010).These data refer to 2010.The aggregate of such people, in fact, holding back the development of society, as these people are not focused on the development, they are, with few exceptions, about such a possibility and do not knows.
The growth of differences between "rich" and "poor" negatively affects the development of the society not only and not so much due to differences in income, but also from the quantitative growth of the above-mentioned categories of the poor.Here it is necessary to make a digression and to note that it is not about the growth absolute or even of relative abundance the "poor", but about that she too is slowly declining compared to the needs of society.Society requires innovators, inventors, developers of new ideas in science, technology, management, people's daily lives, but "the poor people" in this work do not participate and can't participate due to lack of knowledge, skills and appropriate motivation.Therefore, the more "poor" (than slower reduced their number), the fewer fruitful and promising ideas are brought to "a market of general progress."Only education provides necessary guarantee that in the post-industrial society the family won't in misery.
Berezin (2010) writes that, according to his calculations, the total number of poor and very poor fell by about 10% and by the end of 2009 amounted to approximately 60 million people, or approximately on 6 million people less, than in the summer of 2008.
Many scientists believe that substantial differences between rich and poor are a dangerous phenomenon.For example, Pankin (2009) indicates that the so-called "decile coefficient" defined as the ratio of the richest 10% and 10% of the poor, is in Russia, according to official figures is about 20 units, and estimated by various experts as about 30-40 units, as some researchers believe that it is even higher, especially in big cities.According to S. Pankin, if "decile coefficient" exceeds 10 units, the social system becomes "explosive." This psychological condition causes declining interest in individuals to the work, the return on their activities falls that under current conditions an immediate has an effect on earnings and social status.This leads to the "worsening" adverse psychological state.
Accordingly, "a negative constituent" in relation of an individual to the work is incremented.The process becomes a "self-accelerating" with time that leads to a permanent increase in the probability of unfavorable development of the situation.On the one hand, there is a decline in the share of the poor people, on the other hand, the depth of the "fall" the recoil from working poor is increasing.

Results
Poverty in itself is a negative phenomenon, but its impact on the economic development of the country is much worse.Moreover, there are also induced phenomena.In particular, those who are intimately acquainted with the poor and observed in the details their vital activity, too, are experiencing the stress associated with it, and they are as the saying "losing heart".Negative impact on the economy of poverty consists not only in weakening of efficiency of activity of the poor people, but also in decreasing due to the transition into the category of the poor number of people active part of society.
If the share of the poor is g 1 , the share of dropping out from the active part of the population also g 1 , then the active part of the population will be g 2 -g 1 , where g 2 -the amount of active working population.If the recoil from the poor denote h 1 , and the recoil from the active population -h 2 , then economic losses will amount to g 1 (h 2 -h 1 ) + h 2 (g 2 -g 1 ).Level (share) of the poor varies as per the dependence shown in Figure 2, but the recoil from the poor also falls, because a wealth inequality grows according to the dependence in Figure 3. y = -0,772 x 2 + 1,575 x + 0,136.
A condition of poverty is diagnosed by different people in different ways.Some consider themselves middle class, being on the lowest rung of the social ladder, the others, being well-well off, forever dissatisfied by own well-being.The media are making not a little confusion, including in connection with the use not only different sources of information, but different scales.For example, very often especially publicly available media are used western classification, but to our society it is not very applicable by virtue of its different nature.In this regard, self-identification can be considered essential aspect of the problem poverty.
In other words, this means that the state of poverty is determining for formation of a special, of a negative psychological states.This state is formed in an individual under the influence of the settings, received during the life of knowledge and changing environmental conditions.Index of closeness the connection μ or the force of influence poor people on their surroundings can describe this condition.The value of this indicator depends on the moral and ethical standards of the surrounding society, and on the degree of "advancement" society by "post-industrial road".Increasing alienation of people from each other is one of the characteristics of this degree of "advancement".This value of the index shows that the influence of poor exists on their surroundings, but the effect is not too significant.
As a result of the express survey of experts was able to determine the value of the coefficient μ at the current moment, and it was equal to 0.12.This indicator can be used to determine the importance of the poverty level for a given society.If it is below 0.1, the effect of low, if the above, then, as the survey showed 76 managers, the impact of poverty in society is significant.
As a result of influence the poor on the other workers the total losses to the economy will be higher and will be as follows: g 1 (h 2 -h 1 ) + h 2 (g 2 -g 1 ) + μ (g 2 -g 1 ).If as a first approximation to consider that property stratification is the main reason for the decrease efficiency of activity of people with low incomes, it can be assumed that the performance of poor is inversely proportional to inequality measure.Then the dependence recoil of society on the time will be look as G = (-0,581 x 5 + 0,16729 x 4 -0,171 x 3 + 0,073 x 2 -0,012 x + 0,001) / (-0,772 x 2 + 1,575 x + 0,136).
Witness the life society, surveys and content analysis of four search engines Yandex, Mail, Yahoo and Rambler allowed to enter the following classification of real poverty in Russia:  Beggary;  Programmable poverty;  Institutional poverty;  Hidden poverty;  Relative poverty;  Imaginary poverty.
Beggary customary to mark for cases when absolute income is $ 1-2 per day.
However the UN report on poverty problems (Human Development Report, 2010) was given a deeper interpretation, which defines marking of beggary by two indicators: low income and low budget of consumption.
To concretize the concept of beggary can also use the theory of the "potential well" (Gusev et al., 2006).Its essence lies in the fact that the individual is ensnared at adverse conditions, must find exit from them by overcoming certain social barriers.These barriers are the "walls" of "potential well".In this sense, can be considered as beggary a situation, where the individual can't to count to get out from "a potential well" during a period not exceeding expected by him interval or period of time during which he can tolerate such a state." Programmable poverty determines the state of citizens who were "forced" to become or to be poor due to circumstances, which are programmed by someone.Government agencies, large and even small entrepreneurs, who derive some benefit from the presence of the poor of this category, can act in some cases as "programmers".In addition, important role played by, probably the desire to stand out from the environment, especially if only right now he come out from it.
Since the Russian reality doesn't allow talk about the overall improving the wellbeing, then, intuitively, these individuals create a group of people poorer than themselves.
Institutional poverty determined by the state of social institutions of society and accordingly, by opportunities of individuum to realize their individual needs.In this sense, the vast majority of Russian citizens are institutionally poor.The reason for this consists in that a social institution of medicine does not ensure them life and health, social institution of law enforcement agencies do not provide them with protection from criminal attacks, and as for the modern army then can doubt its ability to repel external threats.
Structural poverty as part of the institutional poverty, but accounted for separately, relates to the lack of mechanisms and structures to achieve a full-blown self-realization the citizens, especially those, who is in a condition of "bad start".Here this concept examines as the effects of birth in low-income families, difficulties in obtaining the required level of knowledge, lack of opportunities for learning and self-improvement, and similar initial restrictions.
Hidden poverty characterizes those who formal enrolled somewhere, gets let a small salary, but who have aggravating life the problems.Such problems include, for example, the lack of their own housing, permanent place of recreation, etc.
Relative poverty shows the differences in personal predilections.One of people has to spend a significant portion of income at more or less acceptable food, the other can't buy a car that attracted his, and the third can't build a large mansion.All of them consider themselves poor in relation to the subject matter of their needs.
Imaginary poverty distorts the overall picture, because people with income that hidden from taxation also fall under the definition of poor.Most often these are freelancers, persons with disabilities, who have retained the ability to work, residents of rural areas who earn additionally on the exploitation of natural resources of their region, etc.The presence of such people even more confuses the picture.on a solid sup e of poverty an sing the four m y was made, an uded most "ex very high lev he importance isted in the a r these two gr void compariso an interval of ber of events i ased in their m of the results, s rmation of pov ng these change dencies on the n the future to y.A compariso own in Figure 5 fluencing pover poverty equat The left side ca overlap.

From the manifestat
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Aleksandr
The r Figure 1.C Constructing the equation what describes the patterns of an appearance and changing poverty, carried out as