A New Proposal for Innovation Indicators: A Study of the World’s Largest Patent Producing Countries

Innovation has become an eloquent topic among researchers and the market, but it is important to understand where we are innovating and at what costs and how efficiently this has been done. Promoting innovation performance index based on patent production, R&D investment and the number of researchers being a tool to assist managers in measuring how the resource is used. According to the analysis made using the countries in the list of the top 10(ten) patent applicants, we have identified that the first place is not the most efficient in employing researchers by a patent granted or in the efficiency of the resource employed vs. the granting of patents. This study shows that much of the resource that has been employed with researchers and research has a low return for the country. The money invested by Rep. Korea, showed the best efficiency in volume of researchers producing innovation, and China presents the best numbers in volume of production, and money by patent applied. Research has shown that eastern countries are at the forefront of researcher performance index and dressed in the production of a patent, bringing efficiency to the resources employed.


Introduction
Performance index exists since the early days of accounting created by Frei Luca Pacioli in the mid-1450s (Silva & Cavalcanti, 2004), the focus of adjusting and reflecting the performance of a company by number has been instrumental in creating a system. Modern management systems based on performance and optimization of the resources applied in a given system.
Innovation is embedded in companies as vitally important (Marc, Marston, & Roth, 2018) for business continuity, but there is a management gap between how much we can invest in innovation and how it is performing and performing. Researchers or collaborators work to produce innovation. Optimizing Resources (Pagar, 2017) is described as a way to adjust processes and their methods with the resources available to their collaborators or managers.
The introduction of the innovation management index approached as a factor of facilitation and control by managers not only of companies but of countries to the point of understanding how their country's scientificeconomic production is based on the investment that is being made over the years of time. This tool in line with economic figures extracted from World Bank reports becomes a tool for managing investment and where to allocate resources compared to other countries.
As a country's research structure grows, it must be measured based on its productions, and a point of production measure that generates competitive advantage (Porter, 1985) is the patent, which guarantees its holder an exclusivity limited to time to explore your innovation. And patent also gives a way for managers to understand what has been produced of innovation with investments applied in the country.

Methodology
This article represents a manner of represents the rate of the innovation, compressed in a group of indicators based on-premises developed by the researchers, the exploratory method had been used collect the data about the researchers per million, the rate of investment in R&D (research and development) and as to base all the calculus we used the total patents deposits and the total patent grants made only by local researchers and companies.
The exploratory method presented (GIL, 2007) defines and recommend the research need to have, bibliographical knowledge and examples that stimulate comprehension. The example used had been retrieved from de Balanced Score Card system (Gibbons & Kaplan, 2015), who was used to measure and control the immeasurable.
The research is primarily based on the 10 biggest patentees appointed on the WIPO 2019 Intellectual Property indicators, in order: China, United States of America "U.S", Japan, Republic of Korea, Germany, Russian Federation, France, United kingdom "U.K", India (Note 1), Italy, and all of this data has been collected from the WIPO database for researchers.
To understand about the creation of the indicators, the use of Quantitative Indicators that can reflect the output about the activities according to a plan executed by governments and companies that could invest in innovation as a way of living. The Methodology created by George T. Doran (Doran, 1981), that introduces the specification in each letter that the manager could control a specify his order of greatness.  (Doran, 1981).
Based on the model, the letter "M" has been chosen to create the indicators based on simple mathematics, using Split or a fraction to understand the evolution of innovation production based on patent productions of the residents from the countries. Our formula is based on mathematical principles. And the simple mode to create a visualization of the rate of efficiency, is spliting the economic number selected with the patent production of the same year.
= g = Indicator of efficiency.
= Economic value selected. y = Patent Volume produciton selected.
To reach the results, an analysis measuring the numbers achieved with all the tables compressed, will indicate ijbm.ccsen which co productiv had been All the d the calcul and under 2019).

Result
To start, w numbers of resear understan because i And we h products is in the f The First generatin patents gr multiplied each coun       Business and Management Vol. 15, No. 4;2020 207 companies to provide resources to the countries, but we have to analyze how much we invest in R&D, how many researchers are involved and how many products or patents are granted with all the investments made in these areas.
Indicators as propose in this study came to explain the differences between efficiency and productivity, using two different ways to understand and provide the creation of these new terms to reach a new level of management innovation using the government's money. The actual means for measure innovation is based on the OSLO Manual (EUROSTAT, 2018), including all the definitions and measurements for all the types of innovation. But to define and measure innovation in which countries are investing money from the contributors is important to create data about the rate and the efficiency of all the researches using data available to all the citizens.
If we look at the results of the indicators, we can analyze which country invest better, and which country has the best team of researchers based only in a few numbers. China has the best total number of the patent application, but don't have the best production indicator based on the number of researchers, the USA has the major amount of money invested but doesn't have the major numbers in total applications, total patents granted even efficiency stay behind other countries.
The WIPO has a Scale that put all the countries and their volumes of patenting, we gave that number at the beginning of this article, but we have to introduce a new way to compare who spend better the money and has the best researchers. If we can comprehend that we can lean with the results and improve de production o innovation with less Expenditure, not only in money but in time and resources too. As we can see in table 5, the countries that invest more money on the R&D area ( USA and CHINA), does not have the best efficiency and the best number, China has the biggest to numbers when involve the total number, because they produce a lot of patent applications, and when they as used splitting other numbers they create great results, instead of Korea Republic, has minor numbers but the conversion efficiency rate in patents of innovation products is higher and with less money per patent of innovation. When we Compare a historical series we can see the changes that reflects in the future of innovation, Japan in 2009 has the best rate of researchers producing innovation (patents granted), when the Republic of Korea has the best rates investing the money on applications that will be transformed in patents years ago, and Russia had the best number in comparison of efficiency of the money invested producing patents with less money than the other.

Conclusions
Innovation management is currently in question, tools have been sought to measure advances in research and development that bring resources and differentiate countries in the world market. The road to an extremely agile market is innovation followed by its main patent control tool. The composition of indicators for more agile monitoring assists in creating value in how long-term investment and follow-up of innovative processes help managers improve their resource allocation decisions at both the micro and macro levels.
The proposal to create economic indicators portrays a way of understanding the past to study the future, translating into numbers and comparing what was done in each moment of the country's economy, and how the resources and work of the researchers were allocated. These numbers are an important tool and highlight what has been much addressed about efficiency, investment and the growth of the eastern market against western competitors.
When comparing the rates and the results of the proposed index we can see that in the 10-year historical analysis, CHINA, JAPAN, and KOREA REP, have always been ahead of the world competitors, and now reap the fruits of the investments made over the years. The work had the limiting factors of data specifically oriented to an analysis in front of researchers and their numbers and is guided by a further study on the separation between researchers from basic science and applied science.