Effective Tutorial Ontology Modeling on Organic Rice Farming for Non-Science & Technology Educated Farmers Using Knowledge Engineering

Knowledge of the appropriate technologies for sustainable development projects has encouraged grass roots development, which has in turn promoted sustainable and successful community development, which a requirement is to share and reuse this knowledge effectively. This research aims to propose a tutorial ontology effectiveness modeling on organic rice farming as an appropriate technology based on sustainable development projects for non-science and technology educated farmers using knowledge engineering approach, using Phrao District in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand as a case study. The effective tutorial ontology model focuses on social science and technology ontologies based on Thai’s curriculum of lower secondary school which provides biology, chemistry, math and physics concepts in order to effectively represent knowledge of the organic rice farming. The additional social science ontology knowledge developed in this research provides such a support to vocational learning and used by rural community in the case study to effectively navigate and utilize the appropriate technological knowledge of the sustainable development project knowledge to enhance their communities. The effectiveness of tutorial social science ontology in learning process was measured by counting and validating the average throughput of organic rice farming domain knowledge in learning process in terms of practicing domain knowledge, appropriate domain knowledge with their community and acquiring knowledge by themselves in both control and experimental groups. This study concludes by emphasizing the benefits of effective tutorial ontology modeling on organic rice farming for supporting knowledge transfer technique for non-science and technology educated farmers using knowledge engineering in the community of the case study to enhance their vocational lifelong learning. Ultimately, the tutorial ontology modeling in appropriate technology provides a knowledge transfer for non-science and technology educated farmers effectively.


Introduction
There are more than 4,000 sustainable development projects in Thailand, which involve appropriate technologies.The knowledge and practical experience from these projects which have a lot of expert's specification of conceptualizations are implemented in different areas of Thailand to promote rural development.The objectives of the sustainable development projects focus on self-sufficiency and environmentally-friendly farming.Knowledge of appropriate technology gained from the projects can be divided into six dimensions: land, water, forestry, agriculture, environment and alternative energy.The sustainable development projects create substantial amounts of valuable knowledge and individual practical experience which is crucial in strengthening communities.This appropriate technology can be applied to the various social landscapes of Thailand that have been used to increase agricultural output and in turn reduce poverty for rural communities.The knowledge of appropriate technology from the sustainable development projects has encouraged grass roots development, which has in turn promoted sustainable and successful community development.Traditionally, knowledge from the sustainable development projects has been utilized in a piecemeal way at rural geographic scales.This has led to duplication in effort and the full potential of project knowledge not being realized.
The finding of appropriate technology knowledge transfer is rural farmers in Thailand who have not enough of basic education and science technology knowledge to understand and apply appropriate technological knowledge or expert's jargons for solving their rural community problems successfully.According to Thai education system provides 9 years: Pratom 6 of compulsory education, with 12 years: Mattayom 3 of free basic education guaranteed and set by the 1999 National Education Act.In 2003, compulsory education was extended to 9 years, with all students expected to complete with 15 years: Mattayom 6 (Ministry of Education, Thailand, 2008).Most of rural people in Thailand had education at elementary education level which are elementary school (Pratom 4-Pratom6) 92.58%, lower secondary school (Muttayom 1-3) 46.82% and upper secondary school (Muttayom 4-6) 25.29% (Office of the Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Education, 1992).Moreover, it can be seen from Office of the Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Education (2013) that most rural people at 91.36% in Thailand complete elementary education level more than other levels.The findings highlight a lack of specification of conceptualization understanding in the basic education level of rural community people in Thailand being unsuccessfully transferred appropriate technological knowledge which is maintained in the sustainable development projects.The social science and technology ontology in appropriate technological knowledge should be the keystone of sustainable development projects, which knowledge workers need to understand and solve real world problems.The result from the analysis of this research is that this lack of understanding of specification of conceptualization in appropriate technological knowledge should be addressed via a knowledge management solution.
The requirement to remember and understand expert's specification of conceptualization means a method is needed to transfer appropriate technological knowledge from multiple sustainable development projects via additional social science ontology knowledge as knowledge representation.Ultimately, appropriate technological knowledge can be shared and reused in order to solve rural community problems.Furthermore, rural communities can learn from collaborative and expert experience to create new solutions to problems.Accordingly, it is necessary to manage appropriate technological knowledge and an additional ontology is needed to extend this appropriate technological knowledge to other social landscapes across Thailand.This paper proposes an effective tutorial scientific ontological based-knowledge with the objective of using a knowledge engineering approach to provide domain knowledge to support an appropriate technological knowledge for non-science and technology educated farmers in order to close gap between expert and organic farmers.This study is focusing on the organic rice farming particularly useful in rural areas and communities, as appropriate technology and using Phrao District, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand as a case study where most people had an education at basic education level.This research proposes additional ontologies of the organic rice as an appropriate technology by extracting key scientific concept from the biology, chemistry, physics and mathematics concepts as additional ontological knowledge.These four social scientific concepts relate to the basic education in the lower secondary school of Thai's curriculum and in parallel four formal social science and technology ontological categories are developed using CommonKADS.The biology, chemistry, physics and mathematics, scientific concepts, as well as the corresponding ontological domains, are explained in more detail in the methodology section of this paper.Before considering the social scientific ontological development in this research, it is necessary to outline and describe further what is meant by the term appropriate technological knowledge, particularly as it applies to the sustainable development projects.

Appropriate Technology
The appropriate technology common definition is a technology that is designed to solve social, environmental, cultural, economic and community situation problems around the world to sustain natural resources.The appropriate technology from sustainable development projects is implemented in different areas in many countries, to promote rural development (CSIR Built Environment Unit, 2008) The objectives of the sustainable development projects in Thailand focus on self-sufficiency and environmentally-friendly farming.The Knowledge gained from the projects can be divided into six dimensions: land, water, forestry, agriculture, environment and alternative energy.The sustainable development projects create substantial amounts of valuable appropriate technology and individual practical experience, which is crucial in strengthening communities (Ruanglertboon, 2003).An appropriate technology should be effective to practice and easy to maintain for many people.Moreover, an appropriate technology must be affordable and have a wide impact.This research focuses on organic rice farming as an appropriate technology to develop effective social science ontologies and transfer vocational knowledge to non-science and technology educated farmers in Phrao farmer's community in Thailand as a case study.

Ontology
Recently, ontology has been used in a wide variety of research (e.g.Anumba, Issa, Pan, & Mutis, 2008;Chou, Vassarand, & Lin, 2008;Saito, Umemoto, & Ikeda, 2007).Ontology is a specification of conceptualization to share common language or vocabulary which describes how things are organized in a particular domain and provides a shared common understanding of the relationship between people and computer (Akehurst, Rueda-Armengot, Lopez, & Marques, 2011).Additionally, ontology eliminates the problems of conflicting meanings and terms during content retrieval (Isotani & Mizoguchi, 2008).The role of ontology is to promote the reuse of knowledge structures in the form of ontology libraries.The main objective of an ontological library is the description of knowledge conceptualization related to large amounts of domain knowledge (Gil & Martin-Bautista, 2012).This study develops social science ontologies of knowledge gained from the organic rice farming knowledge as a sustainable development project for non-science and technology educated farmers in Phrao District, Chiang Mai Province of Thailand as a case study.Ontological knowledge could be more useful and effective for farmers to learn from and apply to develop their communities.In this context, social science ontology is used to provide benefits, by training, sharing and reusing appropriate technological knowledge of the organic rice farming among academic officers, practitioners and farmers.This effective tutorial ontology could improve management performance in multiple sustainable development projects.The methodology in this research utilized ontology-based knowledge to apply and learn appropriate technological knowledge from the organic rice farming.

Knowledge Engineering
The knowledge of appropriate technology in this study which relies on expert experience is based on social scientific domain knowledge.Knowledge engineering is a means of mining and eliciting and knowledge from experts and can be seen as encompassing methods and techniques for knowledge acquisition, modeling, representation and usage (Uschold & Gruninger, 1996).Many knowledge engineering methodologies have been developed over the years (e.g., CommonKADS (Uschold & Gruninger, 1996, Protégé et al., Wielinga, 2000), MIKE (Angele, Fensel, Landes, & Studer, 1998) and MOKA (Gennari et al., 2003)).This research focuses on CommonKADS to capture knowledge which is one of the most widely used knowledge engineering methodologies.The CommonKADS model has a variety of components such as the organization model, task model, agent model, knowledge model, communication model and design model.This research focuses on the knowledge model to structure the organic rice farming knowledge based on science and technology based framework derived from problem consideration, conceptualization, reasoning and implementation of a solution.Organic rice farming knowledge will be model based on each of the science and technology based method frameworks by CommonKADS in order to acquire scientific and technology knowledge for problem solving for organic rice farming case study.The scientific and science and technology knowledge were modeled into four corresponding parts; task knowledge, inference knowledge domain knowledge and ontology knowledge.The four main parts are linked to task knowledge, which describes the knowledge-intensive tasks of the organic rice farming; inference knowledge, which describes using knowledge to carry out the reasoning process; domain knowledge, which refers to knowledge of human experts based on their experiences; and ontology knowledge, which describes specification of conceptualization of organic rice farming experts.

Research Methodology
This study developed additional social science ontologies from the organic rice farming knowledge as an appropriate technology to transfer knowledge to rural non-science and technology educated farmers of Phrao District, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand as a research case study.The vocational learning process was experimented with Bloom's taxonomy framework to evaluate additional ontologies and vocational life-long learning of case study as shown in Figure 1. www.ccsen

Sample Selection
A case study of this research is Phrao District, Chiang Mai Province in the northern part of Thailand where there is organic rice farming community.People in this case study are 36,393 people approximately (The National Statistical Office of Thailand, 2014) and most of people are farmers.This study focuses on an adaptive organic rice-farming group as a learning process technique study sample test because this group represents a research problem.There are 10 adaptive organic rice farmers who are non-science and technology educated people as study samples.These adaptive organic rice farmer samples were divided equally into two groups, i.e., control group and experimental group.The requirement knowledge and appropriate technology to renew case study community will be validated by non-structure interview from stakeholders and bio data analysis of case study.This effective tutorial ontology modeling on organic rice farming for non-science and technology educated farmers as learning process technique was proposed to transfer appropriate technology effectively and close gap between expert and non-science and technology educated farmers (shown in Figure 2).There are 7 stages of learning process technique which are stage 1: trainer knowledge capture, stage 2: ontology requirement identification, stage 3: ontology tutorial, stage 4: domain knowledge training, stage 5: learning process, stage 6: knowledge validation and stage 7: ontology adaptation.This knowledge transfer technique of any appropriate technology from sustainable development project can be generalized for non-science and technology educated people.

Trainer Knowledge Capture: Stage 1
After following stage one methodology, the knowledge model was created from the task, inference, domain template and ontology of CommonKADS (as shown in Figure 3).The results follow the domain concepts of the organic rice planting as the appropriate technological knowledge from sustainable development projects.Both tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge: repositories, portal link, etc., were collected and used as knowledge support.The term of expert's domain knowledge refers to knowledge which is specific for a given domain of practice, both in terms of more abstract knowledge and domain knowledge embedded in the organizational, social and material context of a given practice.This research has nine tasks of organic rice planting knowledge: T1-soil analysis, T2-seed selection, T3-rice seedling, T4-soil preparation, T5-organic rice growing, T6-water management, T7-rice disease, pet, insect protection, T8-harvest and T9-soil development (shown in Figure 4).Each of 9 tasks was modeled into task, inference, domain knowledge from organic rice farming trainer.Figure 6.A learning process on organic rice farming knowledge from both control and experimental groups (n=number of domain knowledge, m=number of ontology, x;y=lost domain knowledge, u;w=new domain knowledge of adaptive organic rice farmers) An ontology mapping is a set of expressions that has a different ontology, which was mapped in this stage.The domain knowledge of both control and experimental group were elicited and captured via interview using CommonKADS to map learning outcome comparing between one by one of each control group and experimental group following Bloom's taxonomy framework (shown in Figure 7).The tutorial social science ontology on organic rice farming was validated via a count of number of using domain knowledge to organic rice farming effectively from both control and experimental groups (shown in Figure 8).Some ontologies cannot be used on organic rice appropriately, and some ontologies of their samples can be created and reasoned which was related to expert's domain knowledge to use for organic rice farming.In addition, the new domain knowledge on organic rice farming which is appropriate to a case study community was created by non-science and technology educated farmers in experimental group.

Ontology Adaptation: Stage 7
The social science ontologies of first version were minimized in this stage and improved ontology into appropriate social science ontology for non-science and technology educated farmers on organic rice farming to understand experts.Consequently, the minimized and appropriate social science ontology on organic rice farming in this stage will be returned to Stage 2 in order to identify and develop a second version which is refined in an effective tutorial ontology version for non-science and technology educated farmers.

Effectiveness of Tutorial Social Science Ontology in Learning Process
The results of social science ontology effectiveness in learning process show that the experimental group which is with ontology training can understand and practise knowledge from experts more than the control group which is without tutorial social science ontologies (shown in Table 1).The average throughput of organic rice farming domain knowledge in learning process was counted and validated in terms of practising domain knowledge, appropriate domain knowledge with their community and acquiring knowledge by themselves in both control and experimental groups.The total number of organic rice farming domain knowledge from experts was 148 domain knowledge to train in learning process for both control and experimental sample groups, then the output of domain knowledge of learning process learned by both sample groups was counted and calculated as percentage (shown in Figure 9).

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. The learning process technique framework for non-science and technology educated farmers using knowledge engineering

Figure 3 .
Figure 3.The knowledge modelling template of CommonKADS Figu

Table 1 .
The comparison of an average throughput of domain knowledge between control and experimental groups