Sustainability and Productivity Indicators with Sensitivity Truth Table for Unskilled Thai Labour Reverse Migration

Thailand, a developing country, had labours migrating from the agriculture into the industrial due to higher pay in the past. However the economic force has made the government policy to focus on creativity and developing technology towards automatic production. Unskilled Thai labours are facing a big challenge after retirement, which is called reverse migration. This is a rapidly increasing trend in the near future. The resolving of reverse migration problem can be done by developing unskilled Thai labour through the knowledge management concept. The workplace learning is in coordination with the sufficiency economy philosophy. The key development is for unskilled labours to attend the sufficient knowledge worker activities and become knowledge workers who have self-immunity is known as a “Sufficient knowledge worker”. Due to the evaluation of sufficient knowledge worker as social science being complex, the researcher has to indicate that the assessment of sufficient knowledge worker can be achieved by validating the result of the two major dimensions. The research was conducted in an industrial zone in Lamphun, Thailand. Data collection was collected from 32 samples. The result of knowledge and learning dimension was made in transcript from an in-depth interview using Bloom’s taxonomy. Upon completing the study, the results had been analysed by using the sufficient knowledge workers truth table that relies on the sensitivity truth table concept. The results of the sufficient knowledge workers truth table have sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and a research methodology effectiveness of 92.86%, 0%, 0.96, 0.00 and 89.66% respectively. The outcome represents the improvement of sample group in both high level dimensions. Accordingly, they can manage their financial concern with saving and have their own reverse migration plan. Therefore, the idea enables the workers to have confident in their security in the working life.


Introduction
Thailand is a developing country with a development plan that is focused on assisting the well-being of unskilled industrial labours.This policy encourages the establishment of many industrial estates around the country.Due to the labour intensive nature of the industry, workers who have a low-level of working skills have been migrating from the up-country in search of a better livelihood.However, the world economy has changed drastically in the past few decades.To cope with such changes, the National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB,2007) had integrated the concept of the Creative Economy (Khaman, 2012) in the Thailand vision 2570 initiative (AD2027) and at the 11 th national economic and social development plan of Thailand.With the latest information, the industries need to adapt themselves by applying advance machinery and technology for productivity and cost saving.By relying only on their ability to provide labour as the only source of income, unskilled Thai labours are usually faced with financial pressure and constraints in terms of preventing themselves from falling into poverty.This phenomenon has a direct effect on the unskilled Thai labours, thus forcing many of them to migrate back to their home community.
The concept of knowledge management (KM) has become an important strategy for organizational competitiveness and performance.Although knowledge management has been applied in Thailand more than ten years (especially within large organization), it has been only focused on crafting an organizational policy for skilled labours.Nonetheless, unskilled labour is usually a larger portion of the workforce in the industrial sector.Therefore, it is crucial to implement KM in the industrial sector within the unskilled labourers.The concept is embedding workplace learning (WPL) with the sufficiency economy philosophy (SEP).The aim is to change the practice in living for those taking part in the study by transforming them into a self-immune worker who possesses a tacit knowledge of SEP, as well as being able to apply the way of being a "sufficient knowledge worker (SKW)" in their daily lives.In theory, the SKW can become more confident in their way of life.Also, they will have some positive effects on their work in quality and in their organization.Last but not least, creating a SKW can assist manufacturing in optimizing the production processes and integrating operational requirements (Sanchez, 2008).With this practice, they can attain the knowledge and learning as the means to achieve social economic goals and self-sustainable development (Mansell & Tremblay, 2013).
The most important point is to seek for the concise and measurable way to prove whether an SKW with their main attributes being effective or not.Therefore, we have to develop a tool that is able to combine the relation of knowledge and learning dimensions.Such an idea can also analyse and identify the relation significantly, and represent the criteria of SKW' attributes that should obtain the improved methods of the study design; data collection, analysing, and evaluating for more accurate final result.

Literature Review
The following section is proposed a context and details of workplace learning which emphasized the importance of adult learning.And draws attention of SEP and KM to implement with unskilled labour

Workplace Learning (WPL)
WPL is one of the knowledge management concepts (Smith, 2001).It is a way in which workers or groups of worker acquire, interpret, assimilate or reorganize related clusters of fact, skill, and feeling, and how they construct meaning from their personal or shared organization life (Matthews, 1999).It starts from individual learning or self-directed learning as adult learners in having motivation from themselves by informed learning, with the aim of developing into social or group learning in terms of shared visions and personal mastery as a team (Eraut & Hirsh, 2007;Senge, 1990).The learning becomes long term and as a continuous process (Gerber, 1998).Most of the unskilled labours' performance problems can be solved with training and management action.Rowdon (2007) proclaimed that10% of performance comes from a lack of knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs) and that 90% of performance needs a change in the working environment and have been mostly solved by the actions of management.The outcome of WPL is innovation, job performance and organizational performance.WPL concept is adult learning that is suitable for the sample of unskilled labour.

Sufficiency Economy Philosophy (SEP)
Sufficiency economy is the philosophy that His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej gave to his populace as a form of guidance for coping from extensive and rapid socioeconomic, environmental and cultural changes in the world.
The main idea of SEP is to act as a guide on how to live or behave for people of all level; from individual, family, community and/or nation for keeping on the middle path.Economic development has to survive in the world of globalization.The aim is to balance and resist the rapid and wide changes in the social aspects, environment and culture which have been affected from external forces (Office of the National Economic and Social development Board, 2007;UNESCO, 2013).The principle of SEP is subjected to the word of sufficiency (Figure 1). is to nge of level of the ms of ation rizing

Create Workplace Learning Atmosphere
The study begins with implementing the WPL that creates an environment for supporting Ba in SECI model.The researcher asked for commitment from top management in the organization by explaining to the management team about the concept and on carrying out the research.The researcher obtained some suggestions from them to improve the most suitable steps.After getting the commitment, the qualified sample was selected based on the criteria of 5-10 years before retirement and have been working in the same area to meet the WPL concept.The following step is on creating the SKW Activity based on WPL, SEP, and KM.The main solution is to improve their financial concerns and measure the tools of the SKW Activity.

Incubating Sufficient Knowledge Worker
The start of the activity with the sample group begins with the "TF LPN CoPs" meeting by emphasizing the cognitive development in the SEP.Teaching is done with them to see the benefits of doing household accounting.One of the important points is that the research plan has to create a mutual benefit between the workers and organization.First, for individual benefit, workers had to learn about the SEP, the level of SEP such as household accounting, new agricultural theory, and community agricultural.To implement household accounting as an activity tool, all samples have to submit the household accounting form for 12 weeks.At the end of each week, data from the personal household accounting and feedback was summarized and analysed.The reports of the personal detail present a balance between income and expense of the sample group.After summarizing the personal sheet, the researcher analysed and graded the weekly household accounting sheet by establishing the criteria on the evaluation level of understanding throughout the research.This was done by classifying the details into five categories on each type of account that is based on household accounting activity level table (Table 3).Every month (4 weeks) the samples had a meeting and got a weekly household accounting sheet that had a bar and line graph showing their weekly income, expense and total, and a pie chart for comparing each type of revenues and expenses.In the last session, all of the samples received a three months (12 weeks) summary report.
There are examples of some volunteers to sharing an analysis of their development for total balance, revenue, and expenditure on a weekly basis.

Sufficient Knowledge Worker Proven
The samples will be qualified on the characteristics determined to be as SKW (should have knowledge and learning).The research considers both the knowledge and learning dimensions as the measuring criteria for being identified as the SKW.The two dimensions are applied via the concept of SKW truth table to measure the confidence of the sample.The four stages for assessment are the following:

Evaluate Knowledge Dimension in the Concept of SEP Which Has Been Cultivated through the Household Accounting Activity
Measure the household accounting check sheet which has been emphasized in cognition and perseverance.Calculate the weighting score by representing the value as N, P, M, S, E with 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 accordingly.The maximum score for each sample is a value of 24 points.Comparing the outcome of sample with the knowledge criteria at 75% (score 18/24) is to be considered qualified as SKW.The score that has actual SEP knowledge represents the results in the table as "True" and lower as "False" for the others.

Evaluate Learning Dimension by Considering the After Activity Process
Use the semi-structured interviews to collect data.Capture the sample group's learning through the promotion of the SEP idea and have it applied in their work life and personal life.With trends in self-immunity to plan their life after work or retirement, and to verify the quality of interview, the research had to be aware of other factors that may contaminate the outcome.The results of the interviews were compared to the keyword in the cognitive domain level of Bloom's taxonomy (Table 5) which was divided into six levels, and considering the SKW by holding from the 4 th learning level )Analysing) up.The learning table set the results as "Positive" and lower than that as "Negative".Comparison is done by using the concept of the SKW truth table of the sample participants.Record the results in the truth table by putting the results in the column of the knowledge dimension and fill in the row of the learning dimension.From there, calculate the relationships for analysis.There is a sensitivity threshold when the values are over than 80% expected or more.This will mean that the sample that pass the activity "TF LPN CoPs" has the attribute of an SKW both in the growing knowledge of the SEP and learning levels that can be analysed.The transcript documents are to be analysed on each of the dimension.After that, take the two dimensions that were analysed through the same idea of SKW truth table and compare them with the results from the experimental sample group.

Research Findings
The initial objective of this study is for improving the well-being of unskilled labour when they return to their communities.After the initial sampling to identify the research problem, the experiment was designed and implemented.This sample group consisted of unskilled labour: Thai President Foods Public Company (Limited), most of their education level is lower than grade 6 th (44%), grade 7-9 (22%), age 36-55 years old.Their working experience was more than six years (77%).They have their own land but they cannot do any farming activities because they come to work in industry at the age of 18 years.They do not have any agricultural skills like their parents.Moreover, their children do not have agricultural skills too.Today, 97% of unskilled labours who work in Saha Group only obtain their income from the company's wage.They will face a high financial risk if they quit their job or retire at an inappropriate time.
The results from the 2 nd step are based on management's understanding and commitment on the key performance indicator of the experiment.Also, the activities in the 3 rd step were on incubating the sufficient knowledge worker.The results derived from this step were from a 12 weeks trial progress based on a household accounting sheet and feedback.The statistics from the worksheet show that in the first four weeks they can reduce their unnecessary expense significantly.Household accounting check sheet, summarizes the total score of 12 weeks.The total score has been calculated and analysed for knowledge dimension.The criterion is over and equals 75%.
The result shows that 96.77% of sample group have knowledge that passes the experimental criteria.
At the closed meeting, most of the samples truly understand the SEP concept and its implementation.They intended to manage their household accounting sheet seriously and they can increase their savings.They changed their behaviour by being more careful in spending their money, eliminating waste on food and snack consumption, and reminding their families not to engage in too much material expenses.
The result from the in-depth interview was doing the transcript and analysing the learning dimension.After that, the researcher made a transcript on their learning dimensions to be compared with Bloom's Taxonomy learning level.This study defined the satisfy learning criteria as being related with the top three learning level (analysing level, evaluating level, and creating level).Table 6 presents most of the samples passing the learning criteria at 93%.From separately assessing the worker into the knowledge and learning dimension in the previous step, the next step was on doing a joint analysis between knowledge and learning by adjusting their values as the sensitivity truth table.Table 7 displays the joint analysis which counts as the SKW truth table.The result shows that high specificity of control and sensitivity from applying the experiment.The data interpreted that sensitivity of SKW improved to 92.86%.Where sensitivity is extremely high, the interpretation of the test results was simple (Davidson, 2002).And % of control sample of a, b, c and d are 0%, 0%, 30% and 70%; experiments were 89.66%, 3.45%, 6.90% and 0%.The research methodology effectiveness is 89.66%.This means that after the experiment these workers have a sufficient knowledge about SEP because they can explain its core concept and discuss their own idea on applying the SEP principles in their own life.They can change their expense or savings by behaving in a positive way.For example, they can increase savings, balance their expenses in each type of expenditure, and find a new way to increase income and decrease expenditure.In addition, one worker had knowledge about the SEP.He can explain the SEP principles very well, but he doesn't want to change his expenditure.Another worker cannot remember much of the SEP concept clearly but can apply SEP in his life (he can evaluate his future and create a future life plan).The findings within the control group in the knowledge dimension found that they have 30% knowledge about SEP and do not have 70% knowledge about SEP.They listened or read about SEP principle from the public media such as television, brochure, and community radio.Moreover, this study revealed that 100% of the control group do not want to learn about changing their saving and expenditure behaviour.However, the experimental group gradually changed their behaviour.

Discussion and Conclusion
The first finding from this study in step one is that the unskilled labourers were interested in the principle of SEP to apply it in their daily life.The reason for this is that they listened to a short concept on SEP from the local and government media (radio, television).The previous review on WPL, SEP, and KM have the same ultimate goal which is for sustainability (Wong & Aspinwall, 2004;Khamman, 2012).Moreover, Khamman (Deputy Secretary General of NSDB) explained more about the application of SEP lead to the idea of a middle ground between want and extravagance, and that moderation also denotes self-reliance and frugality.
In the past, before joining the SKW Activity, they had a contrasting behaviour.Sachayansrisakul ( 2009) mentioned that the idea of 'Sufficiency Economy' allows borrowing to a certain limit where their borrowers are certain of their capability of repaying their debts as long as the debts create further capital gains and not an unreasonable amount of over-borrowing.Sample groups cannot have more saving because they don't know what type of expense are categorised as overspending.They start to experience stress and irrationally solve the problem by borrowing money from informal resources that calls for a high interest rate of return on paying back the loan.But after conducting the experiment, they had a better sense of economical management and had the opportunity to have more bank deposits.
Unskilled labourers are concerned about their income and expenditure in the future if they quit job.During the experiments, unskilled labourers can reduce their expenses and have more savings by the fifth week.This is a good sign for changing their spending habits.In 2009, Sachayansrisakul mentioned that the Japanese saved a lot and their savings were channelled to their country's productive economic sectors.
After doing the experiment, they can design and create a plan for the future.They try to change their savings behaviour, by comparing about the present and future.They analysed their family, assets, performance, future need, and communities before reverse migration.Stockdale (2014) mentioned that migration is not a singular occurring decision.His work stated that it's likely to be connected to the past, anticipating for the future, and on their different biographical aspects.
By holding all experiment factors, the results showed that unskilled labourers who work at the Saha Group are concerned about their financial risk.They have a high level of knowledge and learning dimensions.And the household accounting has a high financial improvement effect for the sample group when compared to the study done by Thaitanom (2010).
The comparison between the experimental group and control group revealed a crucial factor that is related with the espoused theory.From the interview, most of the control group truly understood the SEP principle.But in fact, they cannot capture the right main principle or explain the principles correctly.Also, they don't actually apply the concept in their daily life.The control group has a lower learning level than evaluating.Although a few of them can do the savings, they do not have a clear mechanism for thinking and lack in planning for the future and not effectively aiming toward their goals (Argyris, 1998).
Normally, Sensitivity Truth Table is always used in medical sciences to prove the screening test for reducing the cost of diagnosing the patients (UAMS, 1997).The significance is the right diagnostic which has a high sensitivity value.This paper has developed sustainability and productivity indicators to measure the research tools.The measurement use the Sensitivity Truth Table concept to interpret the SKW truth table into two perspectives: 1) analysing data from the SKW truth table that shows the high level significant of SEP learning activity by improving unskilled labour to be a sufficiency knowledge worker (89.66%), 2) benefits of the SKW truth table show that the proportion of true negatives (T -) and false positives (F + ) of this experiment is two and one respectively.If true negatives (T -) and false positives (F + ) are high value that means that unskilled labourers in that group are not sufficiency knowledge worker because they are lacking knowledge or learning skills, or both.This result provides a feedback on the SKW Activity for researchers to improve a more effective design for learning activities was.The designing for develop human's learning should concern on a good content, process, and evaluation that suitable for learner.
Based on the empirical perspective, some workers who were evaluated did not pass the experimental criteria after joining the SEP learning activities.As a positive result, the researcher should recheck the SEP learning activities to make an improvement for more sustainability and to create more productivity for Thai unskilled labourers.
In a real situation, the challenge of this experiment was based on two issues.The first issue is the limitation of selecting an experimental group that does not have a negative effect on the production line of industry and being a good sample.The second issue is the assessing the learning outcome of different people who should be selected as the best fit and fair for learning.
As pointed out by previous scholars, many papers present a large scale of the study about rural-urban migration because of the expansion of Thai economic science in 1987.However, this study only emphasized on from a new perspective based on reverse migration.The Eighth National Economic andSocial Development Plan (1997-2001) mentioned that Thailand has some public debt amounts.Thus, family's household debt reduction is necessary and should become a starting point for Thai citizens.
Table 2 indicates a detailed type of income and expense.

Table 3 .
Household accounting activity level After conducting the task, the whole sheet was summarized and presented as a new form which was named as a household accounting check sheet (Table4).

Table 5 .
Pohl, 2000)onomy Keyword (Adapted fromPohl, 2000) (define, duplicate, list, memorize, recall, repeat,reproduce state) 3.4.3Obtain the Result of SKW from the 2 Dimensions in the Previous Steps to Measure the Research Quality Table Refers to the Control Sample Used as a Comparison for Developing both Knowledge and Learning Dimension through the Interviews

Table 6 .
Bloom's taxonomy scoreAfter summarizing the initial finding of this research into a knowledge dimension and learning dimension, the next step was in applying the two dimensions with the concept of the sensitivity truth table to qualify the quality of SEP learning activities.The aim of the experiment is in developing SKW from being an unskilled labour by measuring via knowledge dimension and learning dimension.

Table 7 .
The summary of joint analysis demonstrating frequency of worker in two dimensions Table7illustrate that after the experiment these workers have acquired the knowledge and are able to learn.The total number of true positive (T + ) is 26.If workers have knowledge but cannot learn, then the total number of true negative (T -) is two persons.And for workers who don't have the knowledge but can learn, the total number of false positive (F + ) is one person.The evaluation of SEP learning activities are shown in Table8.The result of experimental SKW Truth Table present the value of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value are shown in Table9.

Table 9 .
The comparison of SKW truth table between experimental group and control group