The Use of Social Networking Sites among Malaysian University Students

Social networking sites (SNSs) have increasingly become an important tool for young adults to interact and socialize with their peers. As most of these young adults are also learners, educators have been looking for ways to understand the phenomena in order to harness its potential for use in education. This is especially relevant in Malaysia where SNSs are popular among the youths, yet there is little data available to describe patterns of use for the wider segment of the target population. This study presents the results of a nationwide survey on tertiary level students in Malaysia. The results show that SNSs penetration is not at full 100% as initially assumed. The respondents spend the most time online for social networking and learning. The results also indicate that while the respondents are using SNS for the purpose of informal learning activities, only half (50.3%) use it to get in touch with their lecturers in informal learning contexts. The respondents also reported spending more time on SNS for socializing rather than learning and they do not believe the use of SNS is affecting their academic performance.


Introduction
The Internet and the World Wide Web are initially designed to move data and information from one location to another in a reliable and most efficient manner.The idea of 'sharing' at the time was worded in the form of work and research documents essential to the few who made use of the technology.After almost 20 years since Dr. Barnes-Lee created the web, the idea of sharing has taken on a whole new dimension.The success and popularity of social networking sites show that the idea of online sharing has been successfully taken to the social and personal level.The sharing of information from the most important to the most mundane ones could now be done in any digital forms: documents, photos and videos.Although some may see problems and express concerns with privacy (and justifiably so), it is undeniable that social networking is hugely popular and is here to stay.
The use of social networking by students opens up a great opportunity for educational researchers.The literature and anecdotal evidences seem to suggest that learners spend a lot of time on social networking sites.This expenditure of resources and more importantly, time, on online social activities provides an insight into the online behavior and preferences of young adults i.e. learners at tertiary education institutions.Understanding their perceptions of online social networking will provide great benefits to academic researchers as their preferences for online social activities could be seamlessly integrated into their learning experiences.
However, the desire to employ the latest socio-technological phenomenon must be tempered by the fact that much is yet to be known and understood about young adults and social networking sites (SNSs) especially in relation to SNSs' viability as a medium for learning.This is especially true in Malaysia where there is little data that could be used to illuminate any patterns of SNSs use for the larger population and guide more focused research on SNSs in education.While many educators and researchers would attest to the potentials of SNSs for learning, there are also those who argue that young adult learners view and use SNSs as a platform for socializing more than learning.This paper presents the results of a nationwide survey carried out among university students in institutions of higher learning in Malaysia to discover their views and use of SNSs especially for the purpose of informal learning.

Literature Review
Since their introduction, these SNSs have attracted a huge following among teenagers and also university students (Lenhart & Madden, 2007;Salaway & Caruso, 2008).As such, it is not surprising to find SNSs making its way into the educational environments with many claiming that these social applications have even more potential to further improve learning and sharing of information among learners and teachers (Ferdig, 2007;Maloney, 2007;Pence, 2007;Simoes & e Gouveia, 2008).SNSs are becoming prevalent in the educational context that many educators are already exploring ways in which these tools can be used for teaching and learning (Schwartz, 2009;boyd & Ellison, 2007;Selwyn, Crook, Carr, Carmichael, Noss & Laurillard, 2008).Furthermore, many reports have come to light in the last few years which have accented the extent to which newer technologies are becoming increasingly entrenched in the lives and educational experience of the students of today (Jones & Madden, 2002;Kvavik & Caruso, 2005;Selwyn et al., 2008;Salaway & Caruso, 2008).Madge, Meek, Wellens & Hooley (2009) conducted a research using an online survey among first year students (n= 213) of a British university focusing on Facebook.The findings showed that Facebook is mainly used as a 'social glue' that helped these students to settle into their university life and the students mainly thought of Facebook's use for social reasons and not for formal teaching purposes; nevertheless, the students did sometimes use it for informal learning purposes such as the micro management of their life as a student in university.This finding is similar to the study by Daalsgard (2008) who found that students were using SNSs as a form to facilitate 'transparency' between students, a way in which they get insights into each others' work, ideas and creations.However, the 2008 ECAR study discovered that students are more interested in peer-to-peer interaction for both social and academic purposes in comparison to peer-to-tutor interaction (Salaway & Caruso , 2008), highlighting the concept of a 'personal online space'.Bryant (2007) has highlighted that this mass uptake of social media by students consequently has led to a considerable debate among education researchers and academia.Many are arguing that since these social tools are being employed on a daily basis by the current generation of students entering universities, the integration of these technologies into teaching and learning is something which is expected by this generation of learners who are coined 'digital natives' (Prensky, 2001) or the 'net generation' (Oblinger & Oblinger, 2005;Tapscott, 2009).This is because they expect to learn using these new technologies and because the aim of higher education should be to prepare them for the requirements of their workplace of the future (Alexander, 2006;Strom & Strom, 2007, Prensky, 2001).This surge of interest to incorporate these social media tools into education is also a result of their characteristics such as interactivity and collaboration which allow for the co-construction of knowledge in social settings as advocated by the socio-cultural theories of learning (Selwyn et al., 2008).Roblyer, McDaniel, Webb, Herman, & Witty (2010) in their study looked at faculty (n= 62) and student (n= 120) uses and perceptions of SNSs in a mid-sized southern university in the United States.Their data showed that students and faculty differ in their current and anticipated use of SNSs where students are more likely to use SNSs and more open towards the instructional use of Facebook or other SNSs to support classroom work compared to faculty who are more likely to use older technologies such as e-mail.This many say would be attributable to the idea of 'digital natives' growing up and being immersed in technology from a very young age, while faculty who are often made up of people much older are 'digital immigrants' (Prensky, 2001) to whom most of these technologies particularly the newer ones are alien.
Nevertheless, in contrast, there are others who point out that caution needs to be exercised against this trend of incorporating technology into teaching and learning just to fulfill the expectations of these students who have grown up using technology in their everyday lives (Kumar, 2010;Kennedy, Judd, Churchward & Krause, 2008;Oliver and Goerke, 2007).Donnison (2007) for example argued that the ubiquity of these social technologies is an inadequate reason to expect faculty to employ them in teaching and learning.Mason and Rennie (2008) also argued that when evaluating the use of SNSs as either a viable or impractical tool for teaching, educators need to recognize that students' use of SNSs may not always be 'straightforward, steady or predictable'.They argued that students may discontinue use of a specific SNS and not become active users after some time, or even change to another SNS.Some research have also highlighted students' concern over academic use of these social media tools in terms of issues of privacy and identity management (Hoare, 2007;Hewitt & Forte, 2006;Szwelnik, 2008).Additionally, certain research findings seem to indicate that use of SNSs is mainly for social purposes (Boyd & Ellison, 2007;Lampe et al., 2008;Madge et al., 2009) with some students expressing their unease at the idea of their instructors having a presence in what these students view as their 'private personal space' (Szwelnik, 2008).Sandars and Schroter (2007) found that although students might be familiar with the new technologies for certain purposes, this does not mean that the use of these technologies would be translated into its use for teaching and learning.

Methodology
The survey instrument used in this study is a 32-item questionnaire.The instrument was previously validated for content and face validity through a pilot involving 37 students at a local university.Additionally, the instrument has also undergone a review process by five experts in educational and social sciences studies.After the pilot survey and expert reviews, the revised questionnaire was administered through the Survey Monkey online survey provider over a period of one and a half month.The respondents (n = 6358) are students (both undergraduates and postgraduates) who are studying in institutions of higher learning in Malaysia.

Limitations
A survey is chosen as the method to investigate the guiding question as it is the most suitable method to gather information on behavioral patterns across a large population (Ary et al, 2009).There are problems associated with online surveys, however these problems especially on issues regarding sampling is inherent in other types of surveys as well (Wright, 2005).

Findings
This section will present the findings based on the focus of the paper which is to discover the respondents' view and use of social networking sites especially in relation to informal learning.As such, only the items immediately relevant to the focus are presented here.
A total of 6358 respondents took the survey during the period when it was administered.42.2% of the respondents are males while the rest are females; 88.9% of them are undergraduate students while the remaining are postgraduate students.Figures 1 to 3 provide the descriptions of the respondents' basic demographic data.

Demographics
Figure 2 shows that technological penetration in terms of ownership of computing devices capable of supporting the needs of a student (computer, laptops or netbooks) is quite high at 97.8% of the sample population.However, the conventional wisdom in terms of the association between young adults and social networking sites seems to come into question here as shown in Figure 3 where 19.2% (1922) of the respondents reported not having an account with any social networking sites at the time of the survey.The results are obviously valid for the sample population, and an interesting observation could be made at this point.If the trend continues to be observed by other research or surveys, it could call into question the viability of using social networking sites for the purpose of education especially at the tertiary level.An online system that is not accessible to all learners would be quite useless.This is where the traditional learning management systems used by universities have the advantage as enrolment in the universities would usually mean automatic access to the LMS (Afendi & Mohamed Amin, 2009).Thus, universities should not simply make it compulsory for students to sign up at social networking sites as these sites are social/personal in nature.

Internet Activities
The respondents were also asked to report on the types of activities that they carried out online in terms of the online activities in which they spend time the most.Figure 4 shows the summary ratings of each activity as rated by the respondents.
As Figure 4 shows, 'Social Networking' is the most highly ranked activity for time spent as reported by the respondents.The second in ranking is 'Learning' while 'Blogging' is last.This shows that the respondents spend their time more on social networking than learning, yet the difference is not that much between the reported time ratings for both activities.It is also possible that both activities are carried out almost simultaneously.The ability to multi-task is something often normally associated with young learners, or the so called 'digital natives'.Beastall (2008) claims that children and young adult learners form close relationship with technology from birth; this supposedly gives them better abilities to utilize technology in quite a different manner from their parents.Veen and Vrakking (2006) coined the term Homo Zappiens to describe the new generations of young learners who according to them are able to use the myriad of advantages and flexibility of technology to learn in ways that may be difficult to achieve by the previous generations.This view is however not universally accepted by all researchers; for example, Margaryan and Littlejohn (2009) presented findings that suggest the range of technological tools for learning as used by college students are actually quite limited.

Uses for Informal Learning
The next section discusses how the respondents use social networking sites for the purpose of informal learning.Figure 5 shows the respondents' answers to questions related to informal learning in the survey.
The most noticeable point in Figure 5 is that the majority of respondents make use of SNSs to interact and communicate with their peers for the purpose of informal learning.However, they are almost evenly split on using SNSs to contact their tutors/lecturers for the same purpose.This trend has also been observed in the pilot study for this research where 38% said 'Yes'.Social networking sites, as the name suggests, are platforms for social interactions.Thus, it may be acceptable to the respondents to connect and communicate with their peers even for the purpose of learning as their peers would be considered a part of their 'social circle'.Things are not so clear cut for their tutors and lecturers, which may explain the almost equal split in terms of use.This trend has also been observed in the literature.Fischman (2008) in his study reported that 39% of the subjects surveyed would prefer to have regular online discussions with their teachers in SNS.Hewitt and Forte (2006) also reported that two-thirds of their research subjects are 'comfortable' with their teachers' use of Facebook for educational purposes.Chuang and Ku (2010) reported that 43% of Facebook users in their study will not add their lecturers as Facebook friends.The numbers may vary from research to research but the fact remains that for some students, SNSs should remain strictly for social use.This is a factor that needs to be taken into account when considering the use of social networking sites and services for educational purposes.
The final item for discussion is their perception on the use of SNSs for the purpose of informal learning (Q28).The purpose of this question is to gauge the respondents' view on the use and effects of SNSs in their lives as students of tertiary institutions.
As can be seen in Figure 6, the majority of the respondents believe that social networking sites are helpful to their lives as students.This is not a surprising finding as it is in line with other research.Yuen and Yuen (2008) reported that students generally have a positive experience in dealing with social networking sites especially for informal learning and collaboration with their peers.
Figure 7 shows that about 60% of the respondents do not believe that social networking affect their academic performance.A much publicized report by Karpinski (2009) seems to suggest a relationship between the use of Facebook and low grades.However, a more systematic research by Pasek, More and Hargittai (2009) found the opposite to be true; that higher-grade students use Facebook more compared to the lower-grade students.They reported that Facebook use does not seem to be an indicator of academic performance.While these studies do not offer any clear cut relationship on the negative impacts of SNSs on academic performance, there are various studies that have documented the effects of internet addiction on social and academic development of young adults (Chen and Peng, 2008).However, it must also be noted that young adults use the internet for a variety of purposes and activities, and any of these could be a cause for 'internet addiction'.
Based on the data displayed in Figure 8, about 42% of the respondents agree that they spend more time on SNSs for socializing.36% disagreed and 21.9% selected 'Unsure' to the statement.The respondents appear to be almost equally split on this statement.SNSs are designed for social purposes; therefore, it is not surprising that while some students would employ it for learning, others would not.'Technological affordance' is the term used to describe situations where users adapt a technology for a purpose other than it was originally designed for.Anderson (2004) describes the greatest affordance that the web confer to education is its ability to deeply enhance communication and interaction between people.It is only to be expected that social-oriented web applications be adapted for other purposes including education.
Figure 9 shows that the majority of respondents (61%) find it more convenient to use SNSs for discussion.The reason could lie in the fact that most SNSs are designed to enhance interaction, communication and sharing between users; therefore, the communication tools and environments of SNSs are much more conducive than what could be normally found in learning management systems (LMS) used in Malaysian universities.

Conclusion
This paper has presented the results of a survey on Malaysian university students' perception and use of SNSs for the purpose of informal learning.The results indicate that the respondents do make use of SNSs for activities that are common for informal learning i.e. communicating with peers and arranging for meetings and many others.
Furthermore, as to be expected within the normal definition of informal learning, the respondents are less willing to contact their lecturers compared to their peers.The respondents also have a positive view of social networking and its effects on their lives as students.The conclusion that can be drawn from this survey seems to be similar with Selwyn (2007), in that students' use of social networking sites and services is usually centered on the informal aspects of education.However, it is important for the educators to remember that even within strictly traditional institutions of higher learning, the informal aspects of learning is still very much important.It is within this context that the role of SNSs should be recognized and perhaps subtly, and non-intrusively, enhanced to further educational goals.Further research could be carried out to look at other issues such as whether SNSs could play a role in formal learning (or even if it should be used for that purpose

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Field of Studies

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Responses to the use of SNSs for informal learning

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. Q28(iv).I find that it is more convenient to discuss course matters through SNSs with my friends.