Investigation of Physical and Motor Characteristics Between University Students Who Participate and Students Who Don’t Participate in Sport Activities

The purpose of this study is to investigate the differences between physical and some motoric characteristics of university students who participate in regular sports training and those who do not. A total of 20 volunteer students, 10 students with an average age of 20.80 ± 1.69 and 10 students with an average age of 19.90 ± 1.45 without any exercise habits were included in the study. Body circumference measurements, vertical-horizontal jump and strength, flexibility, body mass index, body fat ratio, body circumference measurements, vertical-horizontal jump and claw-back-leg strengths, flexibility, peak and average power values of the participant groups were determined and compared. SPSS 20.0 package program was used to analyze the data. Athlete Students' body density, shoulder circumference, chest circumference, biceps (extension-flexion) circumference, average-peak strength, long-vertical jump, hand claw-back-leg strength were determined to be higher than non-athlete students (p<0.05). Besides, students doing sports; body weight, body mass index, body fat ratio and waist circumference measurement averages were found to be lower than non-athletes (p<0.05). As a result; it has been observed that the participation of young students in regular sports educations can be effective in preventing the risk of obesity and increases their motoric characteristics.


Introduction
Participation in regular physical activities is very important for the healthy growth and development of children and young people. In addition to physical development, regular exercise activities provide a wide range of social, behavioral and mental benefits to young people. Having fun and being with friends are among other main reasons for engaging in physical activity and sports for children and adolescents (Edwards & Tsouros, 2006).
Physical activity and exercise are very important in maintaining and improving health, especially in the prevention and control of chronic diseases such as diabetes, osteoporosis, hypertension, obesity, cancer and depression. Studies have shown that living an active life reduces the risk of hypokinetic diseases such as hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes and obesity by more than 50% (Church, 2011;Myers et al., 2004;Warburton et al., 2006).
Although it is known that it has many benefits, it has been emphasized that the level of physical activity has gradually decreased with the advancement of technology in recent years, especially in university students, which reflect the majority of the young adult population (Özer et al., 2020). It is often stated that the origins of obesity and chronic diseases in adults are due to causes such as improper nutrition and sports in childhood and adolescence. Therefore, more than ever before, attention should be paid to children's physical activity, health, and physical fitness (Saygın & Dükancı, 2009).
Participation in regular exercise during the university and youth years has many gains. In a study conducted in this direction, Özer et al. (2020) reported that the cardiorespiratory endurance values of university students with regular physical activity and exercise habits were more developed than those who did not have regular physical activity and exercise habits. University students stated that they should be informed and directed to sports in line with their health-promoting regular physical activity and exercise habits. ies.ccsenet.org International Education Studies Vol. 14, No. 2;2021 In the light of this information, body composition and some motor characteristics were examined according to whether university students participated in sports education or not.

Method
This study was conducted in KTMU University in the 2017-2018 school year. The experimental group consists of student athletes who have attended regular sports (Judo) educations for at least 2 years (n=10, age: 20.80±1.69 years, height: 170.50±7.76) and students who have not received any sports education (n=10, age19.90±1.45 years, height: 169.20±7.15 cm).

Bodyweight and Height Measurements
Height measurements using a fixed tape measure attached to the wall, body weight measurements were measured with digital scales (Heyward & Wagner, 2004).

BMI (Body Mass Index) Values
It was obtained by weight in kilogram (kg) and dividing that number by its square (m²) of the height in metres (m) while calculating the BMI variable (Heyward & Stolarczyk, 1996) BMI (kg/m²) = Body weight (kg)/Height (m)²

Body Circumference Measurements
Non-stretch and non-metallic Gulick anthropometric tape measure (Holtain, UK) with proper methods was used for accurate body circumference measurements (Callaway et al., 1988).

Body Fat Measurements
Body fat percentage was calculated by measuring skinfold thickness with the formula given below (Gledhill & Jamnik, 2007).

Body Density Calculation
The formula which was developed by Jackson & Pollock was used while calculating the Body Density. In the formula given below, measurements were taken from chest, abdomen and thighs by skinfold caliper method and the data was calculated as mm (Jackson & Pollock, 1978):

Strength Measurements
Takei brand "Takei-Back & Lift dynamometer" was used while measuring back and leg strength, and "Takei-Hand Grip dynamometer" was used for claw strength measurement from individuals. Claw Strength measurements were taken from the dominant arm while the individual was standing upright (Heyward, 2002).

Statistical Analysis
Data were analyzed by using IBM SPSS version 20.00 software computer package program. The Shapiro-Wilk test was applied to the data, and it was determined that the data were distributed normally. Parametric tests were preferred in the SPSS program because of the data showed normal distribution. Independent sample t-test was applied to test whether there is a difference in the variables between the students who took judo education and those who did not. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results
The results were determined from students who participated in regular sports training and those who did not and the differences between the groups are given in the tables below. p<0.05; BMI (body mass index).
As seen in Table 1, there was no statistically significant difference between the age, height and weight characteristics of the student groups (p > 0.05). Statistically different results were obtained in favor of the group doing sports in BMI, fat percentage and body density measurement results (p < 0.05). p<0.05; c. (Circumference); ext (extension); flx (flexion).
The average measurement of the shoulder, chest, and biceps (flx-ext) circumferences of the student group doing sports was found to be significantly higher than the students who do not do sports (p<0.05). Also waist results, it was found that the value obtained from students who do sports is significantly lower than the group who do not do sports (p<0.05). It was determined that the other compared body circumference characteristics (neck, hip and femur) were at a similar level. In all parameters related to strength and strength seen in Table 3, statistically significant results were found in favor of the student group doing regular sports (p<0.05).

Discussion
In recent years, childhood and adolescent obesity has become an important health problem due to the decrease in sports training and physical activity. The sedentary lifestyle in this period may invite cardiovascular diseases and obesity in the future (Baltacı & Düzgün, 2008).
In the study, average values of body fat ratios determined from students who are included in sports training were found to be low compared to students who do not do sports. Body density averages determined from athlete students were also found to be statistically significantly lower (p < 0.05) compared to the other group (Table 1). Bilim et al. (2016) in their study reported that students' body fat percentage and body mass index values were lower than students who did not participate in school sports. It is known that regular sports activities cause a decrease in body fat percentages. Accordingly, studies indicating that regular physical activities decrease the body amount of body fat important in terms of supporting our findings (Jurimae & Jurimae, 2001;Gümüşdağ & Kartal, 2017;Tekin et al., 2015). World health organization (2020) while classifying BMI values; 18.5-24.9 are considered normal; 25.9-29.9 are overweight, 30 and over are considered obese (WHO, 2020). As can be seen, BMI values determined by students who do not do sports in our study are defined as overweight. In the study, the averages of 22.83±0.64 (kg/m²) determined from the students who do sports regularly are important in terms of understanding the positive effects of regular sports training on young people.
According to the environmental measurements determined in our study, the average of shoulder, chest and biceps (flx-ext) circumference of the athlete students were found to be significantly higher than the students who do not do sports (p<0.05). In the waist results, it was found that the value obtained from the students who do sports is significantly lower than the non-sports group (p<0.05). It was determined that other measured environmental characteristics were at a similar level (p>0.05), ( Table 2).
The high average of chest and shoulder circumference detected from students who do sports is thought to be due to the positive effects of regular sports training on muscles. In a study, it was reported that the diameter of the muscle increased when stimulated at a high strain (Sevim, 1997). Also, resistance training has been reported to increase lean body mass and decrease body fat percentage (Fenicchia et al., 2004;Shaibi et al., 2007). Studies that indicate that there may be a decrease in body fat between 1-9% as a result of training (Fleck & Kraemer, 1997) can be considered as clear evidence that the waist regions of athletes are lower than the non-sports group.
In the study, according to the results obtained from the parameters related to strength and strength; in all parameters related to strength and strength, statistically significant results were found in favor of the student group doing sports regularly (p<0.05) ( Table 3). In a study on the subject, the values of male students engaged in sports and sedentary were examined. Those who do sports have been reported to show more successful results in performance-related physical fitness tests (muscular strength, muscular endurance, speed and cardiovascular endurance (Bilim et al., 2016).
In the study, the standing and long jump scores of the student group doing sports were found to be significantly higher than the group who did not do sports (p<0.05). Kızılet et al. (2010) they concluded that plyometric training applied for 8 weeks significantly increased the results of the long jump by stopping athletes, and it was reported that the long jump scores increased by 9.2% as a result of special training. In another study Aydos and Kürkçü (1997), found a significant difference in the long jump and vertical jump averages of students who do sports and those who do not, in favor of the group doing sports. These reviewed literatures are similar to our long jump and vertical jump findings.
In the study, the regional strength average of the students who do sports regularly was found to be significantly higher than the students who do not do sports (Table 3). In reported research, the claw, back, and leg strength of children who participated in sports and those who did not were examined. In research on the subject, they found that the averages of the group participating in sports training were significantly higher than the group who did not (Kalaycı et al., 2009). Accordingly, those results are positive reflections of regular exercises on strength development. In the study, the average of anaerobic (average-peak) strength determined from the student group doing sports reflected significantly higher values compared to the students who did not do sports (p<0.05). It has been stated that the increases in strength parameters such as leg strength are directly related to the increase in anaerobic power. The high levels of anaerobic power detected were thought to be related to the increase in the leg and back strength (Çimen & Günay, 1996) (Table 3).
According to the results of the research findings, it has been observed that the participation of young students in regular sports educations can be effective in preventing the risk of obesity and increases their motoric characteristics.