Indicators of Good Governance for Administrators of the Primary Educational Service Area Office

This research aimed at accomplishing the following: (1) to build theoretical model, then to test its fitness with the empirical data; and (2) to investigate the factor loading of the main factors and sub-factors, as well as those indicators, which were compared to the determined criteria. The research applied descriptive research methodology to collect the data using a 5-scale questionnaire. The population consisted of 1,100 administrators in the Primary Educational Service Area Office (PEASO). The determination of the sample group size was established by applying the rule of population sample parameter proportion of 20:1, which was equal to 820 participants. From the 795 questionnaires, which were returned, the results of the data analysis were concluded by analyzing confirmatory factors using the AMOS program. It was determined that the theoretical model and empirical data were relevant given the following criteria: a Relative Chi-Square > 3.00 and a Root Mean Square Error of Approximation > 0.0. In addition, the Goodness-of-Fit Index, Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index, Comparative Fit Index, and Normed Fit Index were found to be between 0.90 – 1.00. Moreover, the factor loading of the main factors was from 0.86 – 1.06, which is higher than the determined criteria (0.70), while the factor loading of the sub-factors and the indicators ranged from 0.73 – 0.95 and 0.30 – 1.00, respectively. These numbers were also higher than the determined criteria of 0.30, indicating that as a result of the research, the theoretical model could be used as a guideline to improve better governance for the administrators of PEASO with construct and content validity.


Introduce the Problem
The concept of Good Governance includes government, administration, and management, as well as how to control businesses. Moreover, Good Management can be used within both the state and private sectors. It is a well-known principle that can be applied in today's work administration because it helps to empower and encourage organizations to reach their potential and to become more effective. This results in the growth of the organization, reliability of third parties towards the organization, and continuous development. Because the Office of the Civil Service Commission, Thailand (2010) has proposed good governance principles in the form of regulations to the Office of the Prime Minister and because Royal Decrees were established with respect to the principles of good administration in 1999, six principles have been recognized. These are Morality, the Rule of Law, Accountability, Participation, Responsibility, and Cost-effectiveness (Economy). These principles have been established to support the well-being of the people and to assist in the achievement of the government's tasks, making them effective and worthy. Therefore, the following should be undertaken: 1) no unnecessary work procedures should be carried out, 2) the government's tasks focusing on making improvements should be up-to-date, and 3) facilities for the people, as well as their demands, should be met and regularly assessed.
guarantee that Thailand is progressing in every aspect within the international community. Hence, in their administration, the PEASO administrators must apply the principles of Good Governance. For this, the aim of the researcher was to create a theoretical model, which manifests the structural relationship between the main factors, sub-factors, and the indicators of the good governance, which can be used as a guideline for the development of the PEASO administrators.

Importance of the Problem
After the review of 18 various sources of related literature, which consisted of Boonmee (1998), Prime Minister's Office, Thailand (1999), Ministry of the Interior, Thailand (2000), Office of the Civil Service Commission, Thailand (2005), Sittikumchorn (2008), Thongsut (2008), Buason (2008, Limsakunsirirat (2008), Sopchokchai (2010), Samudavanich (2011), Chanpakdee (2012, Aimatnoi (2012), Mahakhun (2013), Department of Corrections, Thailand (2015, King Prajadhipok's Institute, Thailand (2018), United Nations Development Program (UNDP) (1997), Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2004), and The United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) (2009), it was discovered that there are 16 factors in the theoretical factor framework of Good Governance. However, having considered the relevant factors from their high frequency (16 and higher) during this research, it was found that there are four models, which can be considered in the proposal of the main factors as a measurement model of Good Governance: Transparency, the Rule of Law, Participation, and Accountability.
The results of such synthesis served as the starting point in the continuous search for answers to this question: "What are the important sub-factors for each main factor?" The result of the synthesis showed that each main factor had consisted of four models and their sub-factors as the measurement model: (1) Vol. 13, No. 4;2020 was also an investigation of the factor loading of the main factors, sub-factors, and the indicators.

Research Hypothesis
The model of structural relationship of the indicators of Good Governance, which was used in this research, was created and developed by reviewing literature from various sources with the following purposes in mind: (1) synthesizing the main factors, sub-factors, and the indicators and (2) utilizing the Max-Min-Con Approach in Kerlinger & Lee's Research Methodology (2000) to determine: (a) the sample group size, (b) sampling, (c) the creation and development of an effective research tool, (d) data collection, and (e) the application of suitable statistics. Thus, the researcher set the research hypothesis to predict the answers as follows: 1) 60 research indicators are suitable for the model of structural relationship of the indicators of Good Governance by considering the attitude criteria from Kornkarn (2003): the average value should be 3.00 or higher with a coefficient of dispersion at 20 % or lower.
2) The structural relationship model of the indicators of Good Governance, was developed from theories and literature. It was found to be relevant to the empirical data and is considered to be in accordance with the following: (1)  3) The factor loading for the main factor should be 0.70 or higher (Farrell & Rudd, 2009), and for the sub-factors and the indicators, it should be 0.30 or higher (Tacq, 1997).
Moreover, if the theoretical model corresponds to the research hypothesis, it can't only be used as a guideline in the research with respect to the development of the target group in terms of structure, content, and priority. It must, however, also be able to be applied in academic and practical activities. For example, it can achieve the following: (1) assist in gaining new knowledge, which is suitable within the context of Thai society and can be employed in further research or undergo further development in the future; (2) be used for research in other fields, such as in structural equation modeling, research and development, or in participatory action research; (3) help to reduce data by putting the data in a form, which can be easily used in order to reduce the repetition of the data (It represents theoretical data management, and with proof from the research, the data become useful for organizations to apply, follow, review, and make decisions about their work at all levels.); (4) be used by the administrators of the Primary Educational Area Service Office as a guideline in planning for or in creating an assessment for Good Governance so that the strengths and weaknesses in staff development can be examined, as well the corresponding problems; (5) be useful when monitoring tasks when needing to make decisions and to evaluate the work achievements of individuals; and (6) be utilized as a guideline to control the organization via a process of establishing pertinent regulations with respect to: (a) the standards of work performance or the standards of achievement for the organization; (b) a process by which an individual, a group of individuals, or an organization codify the rules for an individual, a group of individuals, or an organization to follow; (c) the aims that the organization sets to ensure its success; and (d) the organizational goals, which are used to ensure that the members of the organization operate in ways that will fulfill the standards and goals and which will place greater emphasis on the desired behaviors.

Identify Subsections
There are three methods to develop the education indicator, namely (1) pragmatic definition is the method the researcher selects the variables by himself/herself in order to present the model (2) theoretical definition is method the researcher constructs the model by applying the relevant theories and research and employ the model in reality or asking the experts to scrutinize the model before use (3) empirical definition is the method the researcher construct the model by applying the relevant theories and research and the model will be examined with the empirical data. If there is the concordance between the theoretical model and the empirical data collected from the random samples and the data is analyzed by confirmative factor analysis, the data can be utilized for the future research (Wiratchai, 2002). In this research, the empirical definition is used to develop the indicators as Sanrattana (2018) points out that it is likely to be more scientific because the empirical data is used to collect the random samples from the population. Consequently, there is no weakness in term of the bias from the researchers' or the experts' personal sensation and experience as below.

Population and Sample
This research is a descriptive research in which the population for the research was composed of 1,100

Instrument
The research tool, a questionnaire, consisted of two parts: 1) the informants' status which was on the listing form and 2) questions relating to behaviors of the Good Governance among the PEASO administrators, which was in a 5-scale rating form which is the highest, most, medium, less, and the least. The content was categorized in accordance to the main factors, sub-factors, and the indicators. There were 60 questions. This questionnaire was checked for the index of item-objective congruence (developed by Rovinelli and Hambleton in 1977 cited in Turner & Carlson (2009) is a procedure used in test development for evaluating content validity at the item development stage) by 3 educational administration experts and 3 evaluation experts. Then, the questionnaire was tried out with 30 samples which is not the samples used in the research. Data were analyzed to find the alpha coefficient of reliability by employing Cronbach's method. The results revealed that the questionnaires contain the alpha coefficient of reliability equal 0.97. It is important to note that the figure was higher than the determined criteria (0.70) (Prasertratasin, 2003).

Data Collection
To collect the data from the sample group of 820 subjects, Multi-Stage Random Sampling was used, and afterwards, the questionnaires were distributed to the administrators via post. The subjects were asked to return the questionnaires within a time period of 6-weeks. Of those 820 questionnaires sent, 795 questionnaires were returned (97%).

Data Analysis
To analyze the data, a computer program was used to calculate the statistical values as follows: (1) the frequencies and percentages to show primary data of the sample group; (2) the average and coefficient of dispersion to test the suitability of the indicators; (3) Pearson's correlation coefficient and Barlett's statistic to consider the suitability of the variables, which was later analyzed for confirmatory factors and Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO)Test for Sampling Adequate to consider the sufficiency of the questionnaire for the Confirmatory Factor Analysis; and (4) the first order of Confirmatory Factor Analysis and second order of Confirmatory Factor Analysis to test the relevance of the theoretical model with the empirical data using AMOS.

Results
The results of the analysis for the averages and coefficients of the dispersion values to test the suitability of the indicators to be selected and placed in the model showed that 60 indicators had scored average values ranging between 4.23 -4.74 and that the coefficient of dispersion had ranged between 11.35 -15.86. Thus, they were all determined to be sufficiently suitable to be put into the model because the values were 3.00 or higher and the coefficient of dispersion was 20% or lower.
When testing the relevance of the four measure models, which had been developed from theories and the related literature, the results of the first order of Confirmatory Factor Analysis showed that they were relevant to the empirical data by considering the statistical values of each of the models as follows: (1) Table 1. ies.ccsenet.org International Education Studies Vol. 13, No. 4;2020  The results of the factor loading test of the main factors, sub-factors, and the indicators showed the following: (1) the factor loading of the four main factors of Good Governance was positive (between 0.86 -1.06) with every number being statistically significant at the level of 0.01; (2)  placed into the model of structural relationship. The researcher believed that this had stemmed from the creation and development of the model used in this research, which employed the method known as Empirical Definition in which the model is determined with the proof of theories and research. A study by Wiratchai (2002) inspired the researcher to systematically and logically examine theories and research from various sources. Moreover, through a process of synthesizing, the researcher could conclude by correctly determining the main factors, sub-factors, and indicators, which were in accordance with the theories and research. This corresponds to a suggestion by Jongsathitau & Pinmanee (1986cited in Sanrattana, 2018, which states, "Quality test of the indicators in theoretical framework is essential -if the development of the indicators starts from poor quality theoretical framework, the result from the development will be poor as well no matter how good the statistical method is." This also corresponds to a suggestion by Sanrattana (2018): "The study of theories and research to determine the main factors, sub-factors, and indicators have to concern construct and content validity." In addition, the research needs to be concerned with the quality of the research methodology in accordance with Max-Min-Con Approach by Kerlinger & Lee (2000), which states that when determining the size of the sample group, sampling is important, as well as creating and developing the research tool to be properly used in the research.
The results of the research found that the theoretical model is relevant to the empirical data by considering the statistical values set in the criteria and in the research hypothesis. It showed that the four main factors, 16 sub-factors, and 60 indicators had been expressed in the structural relationship model of the Good Governance.
The results of this research can be useful for academic purposes, as well as for other applications with constructs and content validity. This also showed the validity of the theories and research, which had been derived from 18 different sources as previously mentioned. Therefore, those sources, examined by the researcher for this research, can be used as references. Additionally, it is relevant to the research and theories of Mandelbaum (2016), Minsky (2017), and University of Guelph (2018), all of whom have mentioned the factors used in this research as well. Therefore, this represents a technological advancement, which is quickly being developed and made readily accessible. Given the universal nature of the theories and research, they have been widely published around the globe. In this Era of Globalization, the use of technology makes transmitting data and information convenient, allowing us to gain access at anytime from anywhere. Technologicalization seems to have narrowed the world. According to Croucher (2004), globalization is a process in which the world's population is melted as one society. This process occurs because of the influence of economic, technological, social-cultural, and political collaborations. Furthermore, it is the result of technological development, which changed in the 21st century (Technology Effect Changes in 21st Century), making technology become a key variable in the societal changes, traditions, morality, education, economy, and politics by using the Internet to communicate to each other globally (Gleeson, 2018).
The results of this research showed that the factor loading of the main factors, sub-factors, and the indicators were different, but were as set in the criteria of the research hypothesis. The researcher believes that the reason for this was due to the literature review conducted at the beginning of the study up until the time the hypothetical model was created with constructs and content validity for the research. This study also was investigated by the experts to determine the relevance between the main factors, sub-factors, and the indicators until the index of item-objective congruence was acquired (Turner & Carlson, 2009) and was determined to be higher than the set criteria. It was also included in the creation of the questionnaire. The relevance of the questions was aligned with the indicators until the index of item-objective congruence was acquired and was determined to be higher than the set criteria. The result was the acquisition of accurate and valid data, which was able to be collected from the sample group. According to Sanrattana (2018), "The quality test of the indicators under the theoretical framework is intensely based on the theories and research in order to develop the structural relationship model, and the indicators must be from the theories and research which concern about the construct and content validity." Therefore, the results of this research study have shown that the model used in the study can be useful in field of academics and also has practical application with respect to both construct and content validity. In addition, it can be used to prioritize the main factors and the sub-factors, as well as the indicators for further development.
Putting the model into action. As mentioned at the beginning that if the developed theoretical model satisfies the research hypothesis, aside from being used as a guideline for the development of target groups used in the research with construct validity and content validity, it can also be used for academic and practical purposes in other cases, such as 1) helping to obtain new knowledge that is appropriate to the Thai social context, 2) can be used for other types of research possible, 3) helping to reduce data in a format that is easy to use, 4) use as a guideline in planning or creating evaluation criteria to determine the strength and weaknesses in the development of personnel in accordance with the problems, 5) use as a benefit for monitoring and evaluation, and 6) to be used as a guideline for organization control. The application of the model which consisting of 4 major components, 16 sub-elements and 60 ind use, the re componen for both m Figure   Reference