The Components of Entrepreneurial Orientation of Higher Education Student: A Systematic Literature Review

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Introduction
More than three decades ago, entrepreneurial orientation became one of the most studied theories in research related to entrepreneurship and management (Amin et al., 2016;Covin and Wales, 2019).This is because entrepreneurial orientation affects work efficiency, generating profits, and fostering growth at the organizational level (Otache & Mahmood, 2015).Entrepreneurial orientation encourages entrepreneurial behavior that promotes the development of ideas, new mindsets, and processes suitable for the current environment.They also dare to take risks in business operations to create economic activities (Hooi et al., 2016).This notion aligns with Semrau et al. (2016), who argue that entrepreneurial orientation serves as motivators for innovation.They find systematic ways to solve problems to become leaders in their respective businesses.Moreover, entrepreneurial orientation helps to run the business smoothly, facilitating decision-making and conducting business more effectively.These orientations are manifested in the way business is conducted, including the courage to take risks, creativity, and proactivity (Irwin et al., 2018).
At present, many researchers have proposed various ideas related to entrepreneurial orientation.Research conducted abroad, for example, a study by Masa'deh et al. (2018), has suggested that entrepreneurial orientation must encompass nine components as follows: 1) open to new business ideas and continuously seeking innovation, 2) recognize the importance of innovation and creation at the organizational level, 3) succeed in product development or improvement, 4) focus on investing in new products, services, and business operations, 5) prioritize staying ahead of competitors in business endeavors, 6) strive to become a market leader over competitors, 7) remain vigilant to seize arising opportunities, 8) recognize the necessity of successfully achieving organizational goals, 9) demonstrate courage in taking risks amidst uncertainty.This contrasts with Triyono et al.'s (2023) research, which suggests that entrepreneurial orientation consist of three components: innovativeness, proactiveness, and risk-taking.Domestic research, exemplified by the work of Vashararangsi (2017), suggests that entrepreneurial orientation comprise nine elements as follows: 1) goals, 2) determination, 3) humility, 4) leadership, 5) courage to take risks, 6) working techniques, 7) creative ideas, 8) entrepreneurial desire, and 9) ability to manage.Additionally, there is the concept proposed by Glaharn and Saiyakul (2020), suggesting that entrepreneurial orientation encompass four traits: 1) possessing inner characteristics and individuality, 2) demonstrating creativity and perseverance, 3) setting goals, and 4) exhibiting morality and a willingness to accept risks, among others.
Based on the preceding information, it is evident that the composition of entrepreneurial orientation varies both domestically and internationally.Therefore, the researchers aimed to identify the elements of entrepreneurial orientation of higher education student through a systematic literature review.This study also benefits government agencies, the private sector, and educational institutions, as they can apply this knowledge as a guideline for entrepreneurial development.Moreover, it contributes to the cultivation of modern entrepreneurs, aligning with the master plan outlined in the National Strategy, Issue (08).The aim of this plan is to foster and develop entrepreneurs at all levels, transforming them into new-age entrepreneurs who play a more significant role in the economic system (Office of the National Economic and Social Development Council, 2018).

Research Methodology
This study uses a systematic literature review to conduct a comprehensive search of published literature from databases and perform manual screening for relevance.The chosen literature is then analyzed using content analysis to derive insights into aspects of entrepreneurial orientation.The steps are outlined as follows: Table 1

Inclusion Criteria
Exclusion Criteria 1) search for and retrieve the complete version from a database published from 2015 to 2023.2) Attributes of research articles subjected to expert review (Peer Review) 3) Research articles in Thai and English only.4) The title and abstract of the article align with the research objective, which focuses on entrepreneurial orientation.5) The article's content delineates the elements comprising entrepreneurial orientation.6) The study population: Higher education students.
1) The article lacks elements pertaining to entrepreneurial orientation in its content.
2) The study did not utilize a population consisting of students at the higher education level.
The researcher searched for studies using the keyword "Entrepreneurial Orientation" in the following databases: 1) Education Resources Information Center (ERIC), 2) Science Direct, 3) Scopus, and 4) Thai-Journal Citation Index Centre (TCI).The search covered publications from 2015 to 2023 that were complete versions and peer-reviewed.This search resulted in a total of 1,250 studies.The researcher then filtered these studies based on title and abstract, excluding irrelevant ones, which reduced the number to 177.Studies that did not demonstrate the components of entrepreneurial orientation were further excluded, leaving 123 studies.Finally, studies that did not focus on higher education students as the study population were excluded, resulting in a final total of 13 studies.Refer to Figure 1  After obtaining the final total of 13 studies, the researcher conducts the research selection using the Research Screening Form.This process is reviewed by an expert who independently evaluates the research alongside the researcher, ensuring that only studies meeting the selection criteria are chosen.Next, the Critical Appraisal Form is used to evaluate the research quality.Finally, the researcher thoroughly reads the full research papers to extract information consistent with the objectives of the systematic literature review.The data is recorded in the Data Extraction Table results form and verified for accuracy by cross-checking with entries made by an expert who has independently reviewed the papers.If discrepancies are found, a consultation is held to reach a mutual agreement on the recording.

Research Instruments
The systematic literature review in this study utilizes a tool comprising three parts: 1) Research Screening Form devised by the researchers, aligned with the selection criteria for research.
2) Critical Appraisal Form adapted from the Secretariat of the Education Council ( 2009) to ensure the selection of high-quality research.
3) Data Extraction Table, documenting researcher name, publication year, research title, objective, sample group, research method, findings, and components of entrepreneurial orientation.

Validation of Instruments
The researcher assessed the quality of the tools utilized in the study by submitting them to five experts for evaluation using the Item of Objective Congruence (IOC) index.A congruence index value of 0.87, meeting all criteria indicates that the tools align with the research objectives and are suitable for use in the study (Rovinelli & Hambleton, 1977).

Data Analysis
The researcher utilized descriptive statistics, including frequency, percentage, and content summary analysis.

Results
The search yielded 1,205 research studies from Thai and international databases published between 2015 and 2023.Among them, a total of 13 subjects met the criteria, representing 100 percent.These subjects were distributed across the following databases: 1) Eric, with 3 subjects meeting the criteria (23 percent); 2) ScienceDirect, with 2 subjects meeting the criteria (15 percent); 3) Scopus, with 5 subjects meeting the criteria (39 percent); and 4) TCI, with 3 subjects meeting the criteria (23 percent).Refer to Table 2 for details.  ( Frequency From the aforementioned synthetic Table 3, the researchers found that there are 16 components of entrepreneurial orientation among students at the higher education level, ordered from the highest frequency to the least frequent, as follows: 1) Risk Taking, 2) Innovativeness, 3) Proactiveness, 4) Competitive Aggressiveness, 5) Autonomy, 6) Achievement Orientation, 7) Learning Orientation, 8) Self-Confident, 9) Passion for Learning, 10) Goals, 11) Determination, 12) Humility, 13) Leadership, 14) Working Techniques, 15) Creative Ideas, 16) Entrepreneurial Desire.
The researchers selected the components of entrepreneurial orientation of higher education student level that occurred with a frequency of three or more, constituting 25 percent of the total frequency.In conclusion, the components of entrepreneurial orientation of higher education student consists of 5 elements, ranked from highest to least frequent, as follows: 1) Risk Taking, 2) Innovativeness, 3) Proactiveness, 4) Autonomy, 5) Competitive Aggressiveness.

Discussion
Through a study of the components of entrepreneurial orientation among students at the higher education level and by systematically reviewing the literature, the researchers found that three components of entrepreneurial orientation frequently utilized in educational context research are: Risk Taking, Innovativeness and Proactiveness.This From a systematic review of the literature, it was found that there are five components of entrepreneurial orientation as follows: 1) Risk Taking involves the bravery to act decisively, whether it involves investing in a novel, unfamiliar market, committing substantial financial or material resources to ventures with uncertain outcomes, or even borrowing significant sums.This courage illustrates a readiness and audacity to explore uncharted territories, reallocating ample resources for potentially unpredictable results.It necessitates the readiness to allocate resources even in the face of considerable risk of failure (Gorostiaga et al., 2019).
2) Innovativeness involves experimenting to develop fresh products, services, or technological methods.Being innovative reflects a willingness to contribute to crafting and experimenting with new offerings.Technology leadership entails pioneering the development and exploration of novel processes (Gorostiaga et al., 2019).Innovation may also entail employing creativity and experimentation to introduce new products or services, leveraging researched and developed technologies in innovative processes (Na-Allah and Ahmad, 2022).
Embracing innovation means nurturing creativity in product or service creation, alongside undertaking experimental endeavors driven by cutting-edge technological processes and innovative offerings (Ismail et al., 2015;Himasen et al., 2022).
In other words, it is forward-looking, involving the identification of opportunities to bring products or services to market ahead of competitors and taking timely action to meet future market demands (Na-Allah and Ahmad, 2022).Proactiveness includes identifying opportunities and forecasting demand, shaping and adapting the business environment, and proactively addressing competition by offering superior products and services.It manifests in various forms, including adopting an aggressive stance towards competitors and pursuing opportunities beneficial to the business.Proactivity also entails the ability to take initiative when needs arise and the willingness to initiate actions in response to competitors (Na-Allah and Ahmad, 2022).
4) Autonomy involves individuals or teams collaborating to share ideas or visions to achieve goals.It denotes the capacity to seek out and identify opportunities, as well as the ability to work independently.It is not constrained by organizational boundaries, enabling smooth and efficient investment in the business (Lumpkin andDess, 1996, cited in Gorostiaga et al., 2019).

5) Competitive
Aggressiveness involves challenging competitors or striving to outperform existing competitors in the market.Defeating competitors is a strategy for maintaining a strong market position, whether by intentionally entering the same market as a specified competitor or by undertaking new initiatives to capture market share or respond to competitors (Lumpkin andDess, 1996, cited in Gorostiaga et al., 2019).
In conclusion, the components of entrepreneurial orientation of higher education student consists of 5 elements, ranked from highest to least frequent, as follows: 1) Risk Taking, 2) Innovativeness, 3) Proactiveness, 4) Autonomy, and 5) Competitive Aggressiveness.
It is now widely recognized that Government agencies, private sector organizations, and educational institutions are focused on expanding and enhancing educational initiatives to make entrepreneurship more effective.Their goal is to foster entrepreneurial orientation and impart knowledge of business concepts (Obschonka et al., 2017).This aligns with research by Martins and Perez (2020), which suggests that educational institutions should incorporate entrepreneurial orientation into curriculum design as a measurement tool.This approach aims to enhance knowledge and understanding of risk-taking, innovativeness, proactiveness, autonomy, and competitive aggressiveness.This method assists in preparing students for their careers and increase their self-awareness of strengths and weaknesses (Puntapa and Trimetsoomtorn, 2022).It also fosters essential traits that contribute to more successful business operations.Another crucial aspect is that educational institutions should offer necessary training and appropriate tools to teachers to motivate students and further enhance their entrepreneurial orientation (Himasen et al., 2022;Puntapa and Trimetsoomtorn, 2022).

Recommendations for Implementing Research Findings
Government agencies, private sector organizations, and educational institutions providing courses in entrepreneurial development can incorporate the identified entrepreneurial orientation from this study.Fostering entrepreneurial orientation requires structuring the learning process both inside and outside the classroom.This can include organizing seminars and inviting successful business professionals to give lectures that provide knowledge, understanding, and inspiration.Moreover, field trips can introduce learners to real-world business opportunities, while business planning competitions enable them to uncover their potential through hands-on experience.These insights can serve as a blueprint for designing curricula focused on nurturing future entrepreneurs.

Recommendations for Future Research
Future research endeavors should contemplate enlarging the search database to encompass a broader sample size.
Additionally, studies should extend their investigative scope by incorporating a diverse population, facilitating result comparisons to unveil potential differences.
for and retrieve the complete version from a database published between 2015 and 2023. Yes  No 2) Attributes of research articles subjected to expert review (Peer Review) title and abstract of the article align with the research objective.content of the article describes the composition of the variables studied.
for details.

Table 2 .
Summary Table of Search Results

Table 3 .
Synthetic Table of Components of Entrepreneurial Orientation