Incidence Model of Intestinal Helminthiasis Infections in Toddler with Nutritional Problems in Central Kupang District, Kupang Regency

The prevalence of nutritional problems for infants under 5 years of age (toddlers) in East Nusa Tenggara reaches 40.3%, the highest compared to other provinces in Indonesia. This figure is above the national nutritional problem prevalence of 29.6%. One of the factors that causes the nutritional status of children under five is an intestinal worm infection. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence model of intestinal worm infection in children under five with nutritional problems in Central Kupang District, Kupang Regency. Quantitative research method with cross sectional study design. The sample size of this study is a total population of 80 children under five and the independent variables are environmental sanitation and personal hygiene and the dependent variable is malnutrition and low nutrition status. The data collection technique was carried out by weighing to determine the nutritional status and followed by fecal examination to identify worm eggs and analyzed by multiple logistic regression. The results showed that the incidence of intestinal worm infections was 42% of children under five with nutritional problems. The results of statistical tests showed that there was an effect of snacking habits p value = 0.024 and food storage p value = 0.033. The conclusion is that the incidence of intestinal worm infections in children under five with nutritional problems is influenced by eating habits and opened food storage.


Introduction
Community nutritional status describes the condition of food availability and nutrition that meets health requirements derived from plants, animals and fish and food processed materials that meet standards. Community nutritional status can be measured through indicators such as low birth weight (LBW), nutritional status of children under five, nutritional status of fertile women with chronic energy deficiency, and disorders due to iodine deficiency (IDD). The nutritional status of children under five is measured based on age, body weight (BW), and height (H). The weight and height variables are presented in the form of 3 anthropometric indicators, namely body weight for age (BW/A), height for age (H/A) and body weight according to height (BW/H). The weight/age indicator provides an overview of nutritional status which is general, not specific.
The high and low prevalence of malnutrition and low nutrition indicates the presence or absence of nutritional problems in children under five, but does not give an indication whether these nutritional problems are chronic or acute. Indicators that describe the nutritional status of the community include the percentage of neonates visits, percentage of infant visits, percentage of LBW handled, under-fives with malnutrition and nutrition-prone districts.
The nutritional status of children under five is an indicator that describes the level of community welfare. One way of assessing the nutritional status of toddlers is by anthropometry which uses the body weight index for age (BW/A). The categories used were over nutrition (Z-score> +2 Standard Deviation -SD); Good nutrition (z-score-2 SD to +2 SD); Low nutrition (z-score <-2 SD to -3 SD); Malnutrition (z-score <-3 SD).
prevalence of 29.6%. The prevalence of nutritional problems in NTT consisted of 18.0% very short babies and 22.3% short babies.
Nutritional status is caused by multidimensional factors, including poor nutrition care practices, including a lack of knowledge of mothers about health and nutrition before and during pregnancy and after delivery (Ramayulis et al.,, 2018).
One of the factors that affect the nutritional status of children under five is intestinal worm infection in children under five. According to the WHO (World Health Organization) it is known that the incidence of worms in the world is still high, namely 1 billion people are infected with Ascaris lumbricoides worms, 795 million people are infected with Trichuris trichiura and 740 million people are infected with hookworms.
Environmental and behavioral factors influence the incidence of worms in children. Playing behavior is an important thing to consider in relation to the sanitary conditions of the home environment. A good sanitary condition of the home environment will certainly provide a sense of security and comfort for children to play. In connection with the habits of children playing on the ground, it is necessary to be aware of the possibility of children being exposed to hookworms which require soil media for their breeding. A chronic worm disease that is influenced by environmental factors and children's behavior .
In addition to suitable soil and environmental conditions, endemicity is also influenced by the number of eggs that can live to become an infective form and enter the host (host). The more eggs found in the source of contamination (soil, dust, vegetables, etc.), the higher the endemicity in an area. In plantation and mining areas hookworm infections often occur in the people living in the vicinity. Hookworms in their transmission cycle require loose sandy soil, mixed with humus, and protected from direct sunlight. The impact of this worms disease is on children, worms will interfere with the child's ability to learn. In moderate infection it can cause cognitive dysfunction and in adults will decrease work productivity in the long run, this will result in a decrease in the quality of human resources. The process of spreading worms is transmitted through the soil which is often found in elementary school aged children who are still playing with the ground. Soil contamination is the cause of transmission of worm eggs from the soil and into the mouth with food (Irianto, 2009).
There are more cases of worms in children, due to the habit of playing with soil contaminated by worms, children who lack parental attention, low personal hygiene, and poor environmental sanitation conditions. An environment that does not meet health standards is a risk factor for public health problems. These environmental problems include the lack of clean water supply, disposal of feces in any place such as in the soil, gardens, rivers, ponds and others, unsanitary housing conditions, garbage disposal and waste in poor residential areas. In Indonesia, the Province of East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) occupies the third position with a percentage of 27.7% after Banten province with 60.7%. This shows that the prevalence of worm infections in children is still quite high (Rawina & Mulyati, 2012).

Method
This research was conducted in 2020 in Central Kupang District, Kupang Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province. This type of research is a quantitative study with a cross sectional study design, with a sample size of a total population of 80 children under five. The independent variables of the study were environmental sanitation and personal hygiene and the research variable was intestinal worm infection. The data collection technique was carried out by measuring the height and weight of the children under five and determining the nutritional status as well as conducting fecal examinations in the laboratory and conducting interviews with the mothers of the children and observing the home environment of the children under five. Research data analysis was carried out by bivariate analysis, namely Chi-Square and Multivariate with multiple logistic regression analysis.

Result
The results showed that the incidence of intestinal worm infections in children under five with malnutrition and malnutrition was 42%, as can be seen in the following figure: The picture above shows that many (42%) children under five with malnutrition status are infected with intestinal worms. Types of intestinal worms as shown in the following table.   Table 2 above shows that most families of children under five have family latrines, the results of the Chi-Square statistical test p value 0.569> α 0.05, so there is no effect of having a family latrine on the incidence of intestinal worm infection in children under five with nutritional problems as well as the type of latrine. Most of them were pit latrine, the results of the statistical test P value were 0.508> α 0.05, so the type of latrine had no effect on intestinal worm infection in children under five.

Effect of Environmental Factors
Most of the families of children under five have animals / livestock, but the results of the statistical test p value 0.853> α 0.05, it means that there is no effect of livestock ownership on the incidence of intestinal worm infection in under five children. There are some families who have livestock having a pen, the statistical test results are p value 0.299> α 0.05, so there is no effect of livestock pen ownership on the incidence of intestinal worm infection in children under five. The location of the pen is generally outside the house with the distance of the pen in general <20 meters from the house, the results of statistical test p value 0.384> α 0.05, so there is no effect of pen distance on the incidence of intestinal worm infection in children under five. The conditions of the cattle sheds are generally clean, the results of the statistical test are p value 0.221> α 0.05, so there is no effect of pen conditions on the incidence of intestinal worm infection in children under five.
The source of drinking water used by the family is generally from Tap Water/well, the result of the statistical test is p value 1,000> α 0.05, so there is no effect of drinking water sources on the incidence of intestinal worm infections in children under five. The floor of the house in general is stilts / cement / tile, the result of statistical test is p value 0.717> α 0.05, so there is no effect of house Agricultural land is generally not available, statistical test results p value 0.322> α 0.05, so there is no effect of agricultural land on intestinal worm infections in children under five. Likewise, the distance between agricultural land and houses is generally <50 meters, the results of the statistical test p value 0.329> α 0.329, so there is no effect of the distance of agricultural land on the incidence of intestinal worm infections in children under five.  on intestinal worm infections in children under five. The habit of toddlers using footwear is generally not / rare, the result of statistical test is p value 0.026 <α 0.05, so there is an effect of the habit of using footwear on the incidence of intestinal worm infection in children under five. The habit of children under five years of activity (playing) with the soil, statistical test results p value 0.006 <0.05, so there is an effect of the ability to play with the soil on intestinal worm infections in children under five. Playing behavior related to environmental sanitation conditions is an important thing to pay attention to from a health perspective. In rural community conditions, children tend to play in the yard or garden with their peers. In relation to the habits of children playing on the ground, it is necessary to be aware of the possibility of children being exposed to soil-borne worms that do need soil media for reproduction. According to research conducted by Xiao et al, (2015) in China, it shows that the environment where activities are carried out has a significant relationship with worm infection. Meanwhile, according to Widari's research (2014)    The effect of how to store food, the results of multiple logistic regression statistical tests p value 0.167 shows how to store food openly and protectively against intestinal worm infections in children under five with nutritional problems, on the other hand, if the method is to keep it closed or stored in a cupboard, it is possible that the toddler will not experience intestinal worm infection 6 times (1 / 0.167) compared to how to store food openly.

Incidence Model of Intestinal Helminthiasis Infections in Toddler With Nutritional Problems
The final model of the incidence of intestinal worm infection in children under five with nutritional problems is as follows:

WSF= Way of Storing Food
The model above shows the probability that the incidence of intestinal worm infections in children under five with nutritional problems (malnutrition) is influenced by eating habits and how to store open food simultaneously..

Discussion
Prevalence is the frequency of old and new diseases that occur in the community in a certain area at a certain time.
So that the prevalence of worms is a number that describes the incidence of worm disease in a certain area.
Intestinal worm infections can have a huge impact on health, causing direct or indirect harm. Directly, worms can affect the intake, absorption and metabolism of food into the body. In cumulative, worms can cause losses in the form of decreased calories and protein and blood loss. In addition to the loss of nutrient reduction, worms can hinder physical development, intelligence and work productivity, and can also reduce endurance and immunity so that they are susceptible to disease and other infections.
The results showed that intestinal worm infections in children under five with malnutrition (malnutrition) in Kupang district were 42%. This research is not much different from research conducted on elementary school children in Southwest Sumba district as much as 40% . Based on the results of the examination, the most common type of worms found was Ascaris lumbricoides (74.9%). When compared with the results of the study by Mau Fridolina (2017), the highest prevalence was A. Lumbricoides infection, 28.5%, followed by T. Trichiura infection, 5.9%. This is because children under five in Kupang Regency generally regularly receive anti-helminth drugs. from the Tarus puskesmas even though there are still infected children. This is due to the lack of personal hygiene that is not paid attention to such as not wearing footwear when doing outdoor activities, not washing hands and feet after direct contact with the ground, the habit of playing on the ground, nails that are rarely cut and direct contact with playmates so that worm eggs are easy. move. One of the intestinal worm infections is STH. This is in line with the research of Annisa et al. (2018) showing positive that infected with STH, most of them have a malnutrition status, which is 62.1%. From the results of the Chi-square statistical test, it was found that p value = 0.037 (p <0.05) and OR = 2.765 (95% CI: 1.147-6.662) so it can be seen that statistically there is a significant relationship between STH infection and nutritional status.. Individual hygiene factor is a factor of children's behavior that also affects intestinal worm infections in children under five with poor nutrition. behavior according to psychology is the response or reaction of a person to external stimuli (stimulus). Meanwhile, health behavior is all the activities of a person, both observable and unobservable, which are related to health and illness in the maintenance and improvement of health.
Individual health status is closely related to their behavior, the better the behavior related to health, the better their health status will be.  (2013) in Banjarbaru City showed contradictory results, namely that the habit of washing hands was statistically not significant to worm infection with a value of p = 0.632, but seen from the OR value of 1.7, it was found that nail hygiene was a factor. the risk of worm infection, where dirty nails have a 1.7 times higher risk of suffering from worms than clean nails.
In general, snack habits in children under five, the statistical test results of p value 0.005 <α 0.05, so there is an effect of eating habits on intestinal worm infections in toddlers. Furthermore, the family habit of not closing cooked food, statistical test results p value 0.007 <α 0.05, so there is an effect of the habit of closing food on the incidence of intestinal worm infections in children under five. The habit of snacking children bought at a food stall is open so that flies can easily transfer worm eggs from other media to snacks that are sold. The model of the incidence of intestinal worm infections in children under five with children with nutritional problems, based on the results of the study, shows that the habits of snacking children and how to store food openly result in young flies transferring worm eggs from other media to the food the child wants to eat.

Research Ethics
The implementation of this research begins with explaining the research objectives and submitting requests to respond to children under five and asking for approval to become respondents, without giving names and maintaining confidentiality and submitting the approval of the research ethics committee of the Health Polytechnic of the Ministry of Health, Kupang.

Conclusion
1). The prevalence of intestinal worm infection in children under five in Kupang district is 42%. The highest type of worm (74.3%) was Asc. Lumbricoides.
2). Environmental factors that affect intestinal worm infections are garbage dumps and waste disposal facilities.
3). Behavioral factors that affect intestinal worm infection in children under five are the habit of defecating, the habit of using footwear, the habit of doing activities with the soil, the cleanliness of the nails, the habit of sucking the thumbs / fingers, the habit of eating snacks and how to store cooked food.
4). The model of incidence of intestinal worm infection in children under five with nutritional problems is influenced by the habit of eating snacks and how to store food that has been cooked simultaneously.

Recommendation
1). The Health Office (department) / Local Government Clinic (Puskesmas) needs to carry out health promotion by giving up on personal hygiene to prevent intestinal worm infections in children under five 2). The community should always provide garbage disposal facilities and waste disposal facilities so that they do not become a medium for vectors (flies) to reproduce. Limit children to snacks and always cover cooked food.