Is “ Absorb Knowledge ” An Improper Collocation ?

Collocation is practically very tough to Chinese English learners. The main reason lies in the fact that English and Chinese belong to two distinct language systems. And the deep reason is that learners tend to develop different metaphorical concept in accordance with distinct ways of thinking in Chinese. The paper, taking “absorb knowledge” as an example, intend to explore how to present the potential collocation patterns of “knowledge”in the learner’s dictionary for Chinese learners, based on a series of search results of BROWN and LOB as well as CLEC, by comparing the usual combinational patterns of “knowledge”of Chinese learners and English native speakers.


Is "absorb knowledge" Overused by Chinese Learners?
Once in a lecture Professor Wu Jihong put forward an idea: "overuse here refers to the learners' overuse of figurative meaning in the combination, like the collocation absorb knowledge.
Chinese word XISHOU has a higher metaphorical degree than its English peer absorb.Unaware of this, learners tend to make such mistake as overusing figurative meaning when producing collocations.Figurative meaning is also called metaphorical meaning."In other words, according to what Professor Wu holds, learners lack in metaphorical thoughts and have insufficient knowledge of the non-equivalence between XISHOU and absorb so that they often produce improper collocations like absorb knowledge.Lakoff and Johnson (1980, p5) said that "most of our thoughts are metaphorical, that is, to understand one thing in terms of another.Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon, most important of all, but also a cognitive phenomenon of human beings and in essence it is a basic perspective and cognitive way in which people understand the surroundings.Metaphor refers to the way people choose to look on things and perceive reality.""Different languages have distinctive metaphors, and thus reflecting various conceptual system."(Chen Jiaxu, 2007, p85) It can be said that the languages we are using contains elements of metaphor in the form of metaphors.Metaphors reflect ways of thinking of language users in terms of language while differences between languages usually display in real language use.Professor Wu's idea is fairly novel and enlightening but as for whether the collocation absorb knowledge is improper or not, so far the author cannot draw a conclusion.In order to investigate the problem, we need to start from the real language in use.

Comparison of the Collocation Pattern verb+knowledge
Here is the result of the combinational pattern verb+knowledge found in CLEC by means of wordsmith, only 10 words with high frequency chosen, as shown in Table 1.
Insert Table 1 Here.Among all the verbs listed in the table, except that words like study, teach, grasp, go over, know, master are not included in English Collocation Dictionary, the rest are considered accepted collocators of knowledge.In Oxford English Collocation Dictionary, verbs which can collocate with knowledge include acquire, gain, have, demonstrate, flaunt, parade, show off, test, apply, share, spread, broaden, extend, improve, increase, deny, etc. English Collocation Dictionary is produced by Japanese linguists, reflecting the collocations of English words as a second or foreign language.Oxford English Collocation Dictionary, edited by English native speakers, though incomparable with English Collocation Dictionary in size, is based on native English corpus BNC.In this sense, Oxford English Collocation Dictionary provides native collocations for learners, which can help them acquire the native English combinational patterns.
A lot of verb collocators of knowledge appearing in CLEC reflect the combinational habit of Chinese learners.In Chinese,ZHI refers to learning or knowledge.Knowledge can come from books as well as pass down from ancestors.In Chinese books are usually compared to teachers, representing the sources of knowledge.China is a country which honor teachers and respect morals and knowledge should learn from teachers so in Chinese there is a collocation QIUXUE, also QIUZHI Chinese learners transfer it into English and create collocations like learn/ study knowledge, teach/ give knowledge, grasp/master knowledge, etc.In the Corpus of Contemporary American English constructed by Mark Davies from Brigham Young University, the most frequent collocator of knowledge is impart, followed by acquire.Its other most remarkable verb collocators go to synthesize, possess, accumulate, gain, etc.In other native English corpus like BROWN, LOB, the most frequent verb collocator of knowledge is have.Other collocators only appear once or twice.In the two corpuses, all the common collocations used by Chinese learners do not appear in CLEC, but there is one point worth noticing, in LOB there is one sentence: But pointed out that the E31 185 capacity to absorb technical knowledge differed from the hard realism E31 186 of routine catering The author also found 18 times of absorb…knowledge in Corpus of American English, seen in Table 2: Among them, except 4 which are unable to explain absorb can collocate with knowledge, the rest 14 examples fully exemplify the real existence of collocation absorb knowledge in native English corpuses, especially in American English.
What's more, in order to make a parallel comparison the author made other exploration of other verbs which Chinese learners believe to be able to collocate with knowledge.The results are shown in Table 3, If learn/ teach knowledge is not native collocation in English, it is easier to understand, not only because they are not combined with knowledge in English but also because there are no similar examples found in all dictionaries.As for absorb knowledge, it has received some attention in learners' dictionaries such as Oxford Advanced Learners' Dictionary and the alike.Furthermore, once participating in an online discussion section of ESL forums on the website of Using English.com on whether study/ learn knowledge is correct collocation, the author found that almost all participants agreed that knowledge is not the object of study, but the result.Thus, if to comment on whether absorb knowledge is correct or not, the author believes that we should be cautious to make the judgment.

Investigation of Collocations of absorb and knowledge in Dictionaries
First we compare meanings of absorb and knowledge in two authoritative monolinugal learner's dictionaries: Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (LDOCE) 4 th edition, Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (OALD) 4 th edition, A Multifunction English-Chinese Dictionary and The New Century Multifunctional English-Chinese Dictionary.In OALD 4 th , absorb has one sense meaning "take (sth.)in; suck up".It indicates that whatever things, concrete or abstract, can be used together with the word.In LDOCE 4 th , information is directly informed to be its potential object.And the headword knowledge in the same dictionary is defined "the facts, skills and understanding that you have gained through learning or experience; information that you have about a particular situation, event, etc".In other words, knowledge can be a potential collocator to absorb.
Then we investigate the presentation of absorb collocations in 11 learners' dictionaries, centering on comparison of examples and other information.The results of investigation are shown in Table 4.
Through the investigation, we find there are no direct examples to show the existence of absorb knowledge except in the fourth edition of Oxford Advanced Dictionary(OALD4) and A Multifunction English-Chinese Dictionary.The other English monolingual dictionaries show in examples that words like information can be objects of absorb.Also, in Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture (LDOELC) and OALD4 labels are utilized to suggest that absorb knowledge belongs to figurative usage, that is, metaphorical use.Now let's turn to the collocations of knowledge in learners' dictionaries.Generally, definitions and examples in dictionaries are most possible to instruct the combinational patterns of a lemma.Take LDOCE4.The common sense of knowledge is the facts, skills, and understanding that you have gained through learning or experience.And the given Chinese equivalents are ZHISHI and XUEWEN.Through the definition, users are told that when knowledge takes up this meaning, then the potential verb collocator is gain.What's more, from the given examples users can know it often appears before prepositions like of or about.Knowledge is also considered as a near synonym of information, which appears in the fourth sense, saying "information that you have about a particular situation, event, etc".In this sense, it often co-occurs with verbs or verb phrases like deny, come to or bring something to.
One of the most remarkable features of Cambridge Advanced Learners' Dictionary (CALD) is the emphasis of lexical collocations.In this dictionary, readers can find collocation column of knowledge, in which the listed verb collocators include acquire, gain, have and so on.When collocated with these words, knowledge means "understanding of or information about a subject which has been obtained by experience or study, and which is either in a person's mind or possessed by people generally".
Comparatively speaking, acquire or gain knowledge is more common to English native speakers.Though absorb knowledge is not as common as acquire knowledge, it is not too hard to understand.It's because English word absorb shares much common in semantics with Chinese word XISHOU.One sense of absorb is "to take sth.into the mind and learn or understand it", and XISHOU means "to distill instructive elements".(seenon the website of Han Dian) "To distill" is based on "to understand knowledge".

Exploration of Combinational Pattern of knowledge in Learners' Dictionary
The difficulties learners meet when learning English, besides linguistic reasons, mainly originate from Chinese and English thinking pattern difference.( He Yihui and Hu Wenfei, 2007, p85) Generally, if there are similar collocations in English and Chinese, the mother tongue has positive transference and helps the acquisition of English collocations.If not, the mother tongue exerts negative transference and thus interfere acquisition.However, due to the enormous difference between thinking patterns, English and Chinese usually have few complete-equivalent vocabularies.
For Chinese learners, the acquisition of collocations is still a tough problem.In order to warn learners of the combinational patterns of knowledge, the dictionary can adopt collocation column as in CALD but the content shown or displayed in the column should be arranged in the light of the characteristics of Chinese learners.The advised presentation of collocations is shown in the following box: WORDS THAT GO WITH knowledge v+ knowledge (Note: learn/teach/study/grasp/master knowledge are all considered Chinglish combinations, which are really used by English native speakers.)gain/acquire/have knowledge deny (all) knowledge of sth In general, it is essential for learners' dictionaries to adopt extrovert methods to attract users' or learners' attention to collocations which differ greatly due to different ways of thinking.By doing so, learners' dictionaries can play an effective role in guiding their studies so that mistakes like learn knowledge which are affected by mother tongue can be avoided.

Conclusion
Compared with learn knowledge, absorb knowledge cannot be regarded as collocational mistakes, which has been fully explained by native English corpus.Whether the advised presentation of knowledge in the learners' dictionaries really is really helpful to learners' acquisition of the combinational forms of knowledge or how much help it can provide need experiments and further studies.

Table 1 .
the combinational pattern verb+knowledge found in CLEC by means of wordsmith TreasureSun attend a college.Most lawyers apprentice themselves to another lawyer until they absorb the knowledge they need.If I hadn't been a woman, my uncle would have 1992 MAG American Spectator appear to grasp how spontaneously evolved social institutions like the family absorb and retain knowledge and wisdom through the ages, an ignorance typical of the left to which she 1992 ACAD Arabstudies the culture-wide appreciation for learning.Education furthers the national capacity to acquire scientific knowledge and to absorb new technology.At the most basic level, it is a in a stress-filled and windowless kitchen in return for the chance to absorb the knowledge and mysterious skills of a star chef, and maybe even bask in reflected glory 2000 ACAD Education resistance to change, inhibited communication and possibly even an inability to absorb new knowledge.Therefore, bad management often weakens the organization it will be the liability system that gives them the incentive to absorb new knowledge into their practice and change their behavior."#McLeodsharesthat view.2006ACADCollegeStudorthatthose with positive attitudes are more likely to seek and absorb the knowledge was not explored.However,Engeland et al (2002)found that attitudes