Problems of Invasive Species of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes [Mart.] Solms) in Cameroon with Special Reference to Its Eradication and Valorization: A Bibliographical Review

Originally from South America, the water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes [Mart.] Solms) has been introduced in several parts of the world as an ornamental plant and particularly in Cameroon. However, this plant later became one of the most dangerous freshwater aquatic plant species. For this, it has been the subject of a global reflection because due to its rapid spread and its rapid development, it is at the origin of the difficulties encountered in the sector of river or maritime navigation, irrigation and life in an aquatic environment. In Cameroon, we observe a lot of damage to the environment and local economy caused by water hyacinth pollution of lakes and rivers. However, its infestation can be controlled by physical, chemical and biological methods of control which prove to be better adapted to a sustainable management of the hyacinth. Alongside these methods, there is an urgent need to reflect on its promotion, including its popularization, which will offer the populations of the areas concerned opportunities and impetus towards a change in pro-environmental behavior in the management of national heritage. This research work examines current research activities on the subject, based on the scientific and technological relevance of Eichhornia crassipes in the light of existing knowledge. In a specific way, this paper will focus on the systematic and the morphological description of the water hyacinth, the dispersion and the problems created by its presence, the means of control and valorization of the water hyacinth.


Introduction
Invasive in nature, Water Hyacinth (E. crassipes [Mart.] Solms) has been extensively addressed in reviews due to its negative environmental and economic impact (Dersseh and al., 2019;Villamagna and al., 2010). Originating from the Amazon, this notorious macrophyte (Villamagna and al., 2010;Eid and al., 2017), is one of the most widespread invasive macrophytes in the world, especially in tropical countries. Fresh water bodies suffers the presence of this species due to lack of its natural enemies to curtail their reproductive potential. Water hyacinth is a good effective colonizer and has become a serious worldwide invader (Barrett, 2011). In addition, the water hyacinth's free-floating habit makes it a very effective colonizer of newly invaded fresh water bodies. It rapidly out competes other plant species and forms dense floating mats, which may completely cover the water surface. Consequently, the often multi-functional use of infested canals, rivers and lakes becomes seriously hampered (Hill and al., 2011). It is capable of producing large quantities of biomass and by colonizing very large environments, it is considered an invasive species in most of the countries where they are established. The presence of Water Hyacinth in infested regions of tropical and subtropical countries has caused serious economic and ecological consequences (Ghabbour and al., 2004;Center and al., 2005). Thus, through its invasive nature, it alters the water balance of the entire regions and hinders fishing activities, which has an impact on the health and standard of living of populations. It therefore constitutes one of the most important scourges in freshwater bodies of the tropics, in areas where they have been introduced. The consequences of this biological invasion on the aquatic ecosystem and human activities are not trivial . This flooding of rivers is a current and permanent phenomenon (Karim and al., 2006). As a result, water hyacinth (E. crassipes) also causes enormous water loss through evapotranspiration (Perez and al., 2011). It promotes the proliferation of diseases such as bilharzia and malaria. Indeed, their larvae easily develop under its tufts on the banks of rivers and in bays (Harley, 1990). They quickly form large dense mats and invade the banks of rivers.
In Cameroon, many rivers and water paths are covered with this macrophyte, E. crassipes [Mart.] Solms. These mats grow haphazardly and reduce the amount of oxygen and light reaching underwater, which is detrimental to many aquatic species. These macrophytes limits river transport, fishing and obstruct the water intakes by hydroelectric dams and irrigation networks (Gutierrez and al., 1994;1996). In addition, both the proliferation of water hyacinth and pollution are very competitive, depleting the water in phytoplankton, thus reducing the production of aquatic ecosystems. In this regard, on death, it releases not only organic matter, but also pollutants that they trapped. The consequence is the imbalance and reduction or even the extinction of the least tolerant species. Furthermore, it is known that macrophytes extract the nutrients necessary for building their organs from the surrounding environment (water, sediment). The most important of these nutrients are nitrogen and phosphorus. This extraction therefore removes some of the available nutrients from the environment and contributes to what has long been called "self-purification" of aquatic environments (Boutin & Dutartre, 2014). Likewise, by preventing the penetration of solar radiation, the dense carpet of hyacinth decreases photosynthesis of primary producers at the base of food chains. The decomposition of dead leaves makes the environment anoxic, thus leading to eutrophication of the body of water and depriving them of oxygen middle species. We thus witness the suffocation of aquatic animals living in environments of large proliferations water hyacinth. This state of affairs affects the physico-chemical quality and organoleptic of the water then reduces the fishing stocks . In addition, with the development of the human population, aquatic environments have increasingly served as receptors for domestic effluents with increasingly visible consequences. The increasing protection of rivers has therefore led to a little over a century to the creation of well-known purification systems (Boutin & Dutartre, 2014). During the last ten years, the rapid spread of invasive aquatic plants, particularly in tropical Africa and especially in Cameroon, has caused ecological and hydro-agricultural crises; especially since they are surrounded by inhabited areas, agricultural land and roads.
Most of Cameroon's wetlands are used for aquaculture biodiversity and constitute a resource for subsistence and income for the riparian populations . But, in recent years, many rivers in Cameroon such as the Wouri, the NKam, the Moungo, the Nyong and their tributaries have been invaded by invasive plants, in particular the water hyacinth. These rivers are vital compartments containing many natural resources (fauna, flora, microorganisms, mineral elements) (Tchiaze & Priso, 2016). Only, in the context of the preservation and protection of aquatic ecosystems, the presence of E. crassipes appears to be dangerous and needs to be controlled (Karim and al., 2006). The sustainable management of the hyacinth infestation has focused on biological and physical control with a view to their eventual recovery. In this paper, we will examine the problems and characteristics of the invasive species of Water Hyacinth (E. crassipes) in Cameroon with special reference to eradication and valorization. Recommendations for further research have been made.

Methodology
For this study, most of the information was collected from documents reporting on previous work on invasive plants in general and on water hyacinth in particular. Specifically, this bibliographic research involved identifying, reading and collecting the referenced data that could help in the drafting of this document.

Taxonomy of Water Hyacinth
According to Qaisar and al., (2005), the water hyacinth is a perennial herbaceous monocotyledon. It belongs to the Division of Magnoliophyta, class of Liliopsida, subclass of Commelinidae, Super-Order of Commelinanae, order of Pontederiales, Family of Pontederiaceae, genus of Eichhornia, specific epithet crassipes (Martius) Solms-Laubach. There are eight other species of the genus Eichhornia (Hill and al., 2011) among which are E. paniculata, E. paradoxa, E. heterosperma, E. diversifolia, E. venezuelensis, E. azurea, mainly neo-tropical which are confined to South America. However, Barrett, (2011) corroborates these information and inform that none have shown the dramatic spread exhibited by the Water hycianth during the past century, despite the fact that several of them have been introduced to various regions as pond ornamental.

Chemical Structure of Water Hyacinth
According to Liu and al. (2017) and Huang and al. (2016) have presented the chemical composition of Water Hyacinth biomass, in which both kinds of literature showed the differences in the content of C, H, O, N and S. Since the biomass physicochemical properties were highly influenced by the environment where it grows, therefore, its physicochemical properties may be varied by different place and conditions. Moreover, according to Sukarni Sukarni and al. (2019), chemical elements of water hyacinth are C, O, Na, Mg, Al, Zr, Cl, K, Ca, Si, Ti, and Fe revealing dominant elements, i.e., oxygen and carbon for 49.50% and 14.46%, respectively. The proximate analysis revealed that its moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash content were 4.9, 61.2, 13.8, 20.1 (weight %), respectively. This biomass has gross calorific value (GCV) that tested with an adiabatic bomb calorimeter of 14.46 MJ/kg. Since the water hyacinth biomass has a relatively high volatile content and a low heating value, it is reasonable that water hyacinth might suitably for combustion with coal to increase the coal's reactivity during the combustion process.

Morphological Description of Water Hyacinth
E. crassipes Martius (Solms-Laubach) have been described by different authors (Barrett, 2011;Hill and al., 2011). Water hycianth is a free-floating perennial plant (herb less than 30 cm tall) that is often rooted in mud on open water and more especially along lakes and banks of rivers. The growth form is variable and produced inflorescences with up to 23 flowers (Hill and al., 2011). Usually, each herb has rosette leaves not more than ten encored to a Rhizome. Water hyacinth is tristylous and in its native range population contain the three floral morphs (referred to as long-, mid-, and short-styled forms) that characterizes this particular outcrossing system (Barrett, 2011). There is an elongated petiole of up to 1.5 m in length that grows in dense mats with well-developed fibrous root system. Both sexual and asexual reproduction has been recorded (Barrett, 2011), with the species utilizing the asexual mode as it produces daughter plants or ramets because the plant has the potential to multiply every two weeks when under uncrowded eutrophic waters condition. Optimum temperature for growth ranges between 25-30°C despite high temperatures in some countries of sub-Saharan Africa where it grows abundantly. In effect, growth ceases either above 40°C or below 10°C, but short periods at freezing may be tolerated. Water hyacinth, or Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, from the family Pontederiaceae, is a free-floating aquatic plant that commonly grows in inland freshwater bodies such as lakes, rivers, streams, ponds and wetlands. The plant has broad, wide canopy-like waxy leaves and purple clustered flowers that grow in spikes. The petioles of the plant appear bulbous with air-sacs that help make it buoyant. The plant varies in height from a few centimeters to nearly a meter, while the leaves may be around 15-20 cm in length and width (Jafari, 2010). The plant can sometimes become rooted when it lodges in muddy, shallow waters and the flowers may be blue or white (Jafari, 2010) Leaves with bulbous petioles are dominant in open water while elongated petioles (1.5 m high) predominate in dense colonies (Center and al., 2005). The size and morphology of the plant varies considerably depending on the concentrations of nutrients, especially phosphorus and nitrogen. The root system of water hyacinth is dark blue in color with numerous runners at the end of which new plants form. Sometimes E. crassipes can reach a height of 1.5 m when measured from the tall flower to the upper root (Center and al., 2005).
In Cameroon, the identified flora of freshwater rivers is beginning to be the subject of inventories and it is clear that despite these efforts, data on the conservation status of freshwater plants paradoxically remains scarce (Dibong and al., 2014).

Dispersion of Water Hyacinth
The water hyacinth, E. crassipes (Pontederiaceae) was introduced in Africa at the beginning of the 20th century, in the Congo basin as an ornamental plant for ponds by Belgian colonists. This floating aquatic macrophyte thrives on the surface or on the mud of streams at a high and amazing rate. In this regard, the urban development inherent in demographic growth and industrialization (extension of the port, dumping of toxic substances) is at the origin of an anarchic growth and densification of working-class urban districts. According to FAO (2006), the urbanization rate of a city like Douala increased from 37% in 1987 to 55% in 2004 and includes nearly 90% of businesses. Some streams are transformed into outlets and later used to grow Amaranthus hybridus, Arachis hypogaea, Ipomoea batatas, Zea mays. Very often, we see a substitution of the lesser known species by others which are more adapted to the conditions of the environment. Many species have replaced the characteristic species of swamps, mangroves and other rivers in the coastal region, thus altering the initial physiognomy of these ecosystems (Tchiaze & Priso, 2016). This is particularly the case with certain macrophytes that invade water and spread from one region to another. This flooding of rivers is a current and permanent phenomenon (Karim and al., 2006).

Species Invasiveness, Impact and Adaptability in Cameroon
During the last ten years, the propagation of the water hyacinth has caused ecological and hydro-agricultural crises in Africa (Dagno and al., 2007). Many nations continue to grapple with the complex and costly issues associated with invasive alien species. For example, the cost of water hyacinth problems in African countries is between US $ 20 million and US $ 50 million per year (CAB International, 2004). Among aquatic herbaceous plants, water hyacinth (E. crassipes) causes enormous water loss by evapotranspiration, forming large dense mats reducing the amount of oxygen and other mineral elements necessary for growth (Perez and al., 2011), alters the water balance of entire regions, hinders fishing activities, which have an impact on the health and standard of living of populations. It should be noted that proliferation of macrophytes due to pollution deplete the water in phytoplankton, thus reducing the production of aquatic ecosystems. In this regard, when E. crassipes dies, it releases not only organic matter, but also the pollutants it trapped. The consequence is the imbalance and the decrease or even the extinction of certain less tolerant species (Tchiaze & Priso, 2016). The ease of propagation of Water Hyacinth's in different environmental conditions and its mobility make it difficult to control. This difficulty is important as this plant is recognized as an "aquatic plague". It has become one of the most important plagues of tropical freshwater bodies, in areas where it has been introduced. It quickly forms large dense mats and the invasion of the banks of the Wouri or its arms is an indisputable example where these  Vol. 12, No. 1; mats reduce the amount of oxygen and light arriving underwater, which is detrimental for many aquatic species. (Tchiaze & Priso, 2016). It slows down river transport, fishing and obstructs the water intakes of hydroelectric dams and irrigation networks (Gutierrrez andal., 1994, 1996). Very competitive, it depletes the water in phytoplankton, thus reducing the production of aquatic ecosystems. Water hyacinth depletes biodiversity and is dangerous to human health. It promotes the proliferation of diseases such as bilharzia and malaria. Indeed, their larvae easily develop under its tufts on the banks of rivers and in bays (Harley, 1990). Since the beginning of this century, very few invasive species were assessed for the potential of being introduced, established, spread and causing damage in Cameroon ecosystems. Water hyacinth invasion capacity and the underlying mechanisms are ongoing.
As an invasive plant, Water hyacinth has shown to have a formidable growth rates elsewhere and was observed to some localities like Douala, Nyong, etc. Under favorable condition of climate and nutrient availability. Barrett (2011)  -50 % increase in weight can occur in 7 days.
Finally, Hill and al. (2011) revealed that water hyacinth doubles every 11-18 days under suitable conditions. More than 40 000 Ha of dams, lakes, canals and drains have been infested with water hyacinth (E. crassipes) in Mexico (Gutiérrez and al., 1996). Usually, in the absence of low levels of water fluctuation by Water hyacinth like in its native range, the species uses daughter rosettes clonal and growth occurs, which favors long-distance dispersal in water current. Outcrossing system can be other adaptation invasive trait of the water hyacinth especially in its native range (Lowland South America, Brazil and Argentina) as Barrett (2011) noticed that pollination mediated by specialized bees (conspecific pollen parent) occurs when water level fluctuations allow seeds to germinate and established on riverbanks. Flowering asynchrony may also be attributed as underpinning mechanism trait of water hyacinth invasion like in the case of Nypa palm observed by Moudingo (Thesis unpublished). Not all seeds produced and introduced will generally develop due to the periodic water condition. Canadian pondered (Elodea Canadensis, Hydrocharitiacaea) and Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica, Polygonacea) also exhibited limited or absent opportunities for sexual reproduction events like water hyacinth (Barrett, 2011). With such prodigious growth rates for water hyacinth, a relative significance of different anatomical and physiological adaptation and invasion strategies may include allelopathy nature, energy-use strategy/capacity, clonal integration (Jiang and al., 2017).

Overview on the Spread of Water Hyacinth in Cameroon
One of the rivers mostly affected by this phenomenon of Water Hyacinth colonization is the Nyong River. Indeed, this river is undergoing a continuous degradation under the combined effect of anthropogenic and climatic factors, with the consequences of the erosion of aquatic biodiversity, the uncontrolled and super numeral development of certain invasive plants, the scarcity of water resources, insecurity in food, declining income and rural exodus (Anonymous, 2014). Indeed, (Dibong and al., 2014) specified on this subject that among the many problems that affect lentic and lotic freshwater environments we have pollution of agricultural or industrial origin, road and mining earthworks, intensive local fishing, drying out linked to climate change, siltation due to deforestation of watersheds and the proliferation of invasive species. To completed these informations, Mbouano, (2006) concludes after a study that habitat loss is the second factor leading to the disappearance of local species after the invasion of invasive species. Nouga and al. (2017) for their part asserted that on the Nyong River, the obstruction of the navigable waterway contributes to the decrease in fishing yield, water accidents, congestion and reduction in speed of the water current, to the inhibition of the normal circulation of water by modification of the water bodies and to the reduction of the navigable water course which makes it inaccessible, hindering the extraction of sand. This obstruction is the main cause of reduced swimming activities, canoe races, transport and customs in the river (Nguelo, 2007). This congestion of the watercourse has a strong impact on sand extraction and the other difficulties linked to it . Kouam (2013) stated that Lake Nkolbisson is currently invaded by water hyacinths. The colonization of this lake by plants has led to the cessation of fishing eer.ccsenet.org Energy and Environment Research Vol. 12, No. 1; activities that were still practiced in the early 1980s. In addition, the proliferation of mosquitoes is more recurrent in the villages surrounding the Nyong River, because according to (Fogwé & Tchotsoua, 2007) during floods due to the invasion of the river, water besieges the villages and during the dry season, the water patches stagnate and increase the proliferation of mosquitoes. Also, the stopping of swimming competitions and canoe races on this watercourse is mainly justified by the congestion of invasive plants which have reduced the navigable space of the watercourse thus constituting the cause of reduction of aesthetics and cultural activities in the river (Fogwé, 2005). Taking into account the damage caused by invasive plant species in the Nyong River, the majority of actors request their total removal for the facilitation of daily activities (Nouga and al., 2017).

Means of Control of Water Hyacinth
The ease of propagation of some macrophyte species under different environmental conditions and its mobility can make it difficult to control. This difficulty is important as they are recognized as an "aquatic plague". Management strategy and techniques have been developed for some invasive plants especially in their native habitat. Localized efforts geared towards the removal of aquatic invasive species, like the water hyacinth by the Water Task Group, an NGO based in Douala, proved to be difficult and futile (Moudingo and al., 2020). Barrett (2011) stated that Water hyacinth's aggressive behavior is principally the results of its prolific powers of asexual (sexual) reproduction through clonal growth, combined with its free floating habit. Different methods have been employed to fight this species including mechanical, biological and chemical methods. Mechanical methods have by far been employed through: mechanical weeding, drainage, clearance, maintaining removed stocks.
Although it is hoped that biological control will eventually be capable of achieving the necessary level of control of E. crassipes, there is likely to be scope for the integration of physical and chemical methods with biological methods on a local basis, to help speed the achievement of control. Introducing and releasing natural enemies is an environmental-friendly and sustainable approach for control of invasive species (Hill and al., 2011;Jiang and al., 2017). Natural enemies including water hyacinth weevils Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) butterflies have been used to reduce water hyacinth spread at least 25 % after two years (Jiang and al., 2017). The current observation of the growth rate of the water hyacinth shows that the Wouri River and its tributaries will be likely flooded within a decade if nothing is done. Thus, for adequate management, the following plan is recommended: -Mechanical control: can be carried out in different ways -manual harvesting by net and fork from the shore, harvesting by conveyor belt, harvesting by harvesting boat; -dredging of colonized rivers in order to widen their beds following the installation of invasive plants; -regular clearing and flush-cutting of species present around watercourses for permanent control; eer.ccsenet.org Energy and Environment Research Vol. 12, No. 1; -Harvested water hyacinths left to dry on land can quickly wilt and will, in time, be naturally composted. Cleared land with a pile of water hyacinth leftovers will quickly enter secondary succession driven by the nutrients provided by the composted weed through natural fertilization. Rich in organic nutrients, water hyacinth consists of more than 70% organic matter on a dry basis (Jafari, 2010) On the Nyong River in Cameroon, the physical control method (mechanical uprooting) is the most used because it is more efficient and helps fight unemployment through the use of local labor. The "cut-cut" method is also considered (Nouga and al., 2017). In addition, the actors recall that the best period to carry out this work is the rainy season because the water current will facilitate the transport of cut invasive plants (Nouga and al., 2017). All of these actions are carried out with the aim of eradicating invasive aquatic plants. Manual and mechanical removal are practices though costly as short term vision. Almost 100 different insect species and a comparable number of pathogens have been recorded as attacking E. crassipes that can be used. An example of a well-integrated control approach (in Mexico), South Africa, Argentina and USA (Barrett, 2011;Jiang and al., 2017).

Valorization of Water Hyacinth
Since 1970, water hyacinth has been used with the dual objective of purifying polluted water responsible for eutrophication and of exploiting the very abundant biomass thus produced (Sauze, 1983). According to (Irina Harun, and al., 2021), Water Hyacinth can be valorized in different forms as indicated: Water Hyacinth for Feeds: Water hyacinth has been studied for its nutritional value and potential use as feed for livestock, poultries, and fish (Bai and al., 2017;Hossain and al., 2015;Okoye and al., 2000;Wimalarathne and al., 2019). Its nutritive attributes for example, its high cellulose, hemicellulose and crude protein content make it suitable for use as a substitute or an additive for animal feeds (Wimalarathne and al., 2019). Additionally, water hyacinth nutrient contents were proven to be independent of its place of origin and remain constant at the same levels, even if collected from different geographical areas or water sources (Hossain and al., 2015;Mako and al., 2011). Although normally the whole plant is used as feed, some users omit the roots to avoid possible metal contamination, even when the metal concentration was found to be below the maximum permissible limit (Moses and al., 2021). In general, leafy meal was observed to be more preferable, as the water hyacinth leaf protein content accounts for about 50% (per dry weight) of its total nutritional quality (Adeyemi and al., 2016). In Cameroon, the work of Tchiaze and Priso (2016) on the Wouri river showed that in water hyacinth, the nutrient contents vary significantly from one part to another. Indeed, the roots and leaves of the plant each have a very specific role in the physiology of the plant: the roots selectively draw mineral substances from the soil (raw sap) which will be used at the level of the leaves through the chlorophyll synthesis for the production of organic substances (lipids, carbohydrates, proteins). This is the reason why the roots are richer in ash, while the leaves and stems are richer in organic substances (Taffouo and al., 2008). The percentage of proteins is higher in the leaves and are obtained in sites receiving many alteragens, some of which increase the rate of nitrogenous substances easily assimilated by plants in these two sites (Priso and al., 2010). Tchiaze and Priso (2016) also reveal that the roots taken from sites located in urban areas also stand out for their particular richness in ash compared to those from the rural area, thus testifying to the many alteragens that are dumped there. Analysis of macronutrients in the leaves, stems and roots of E. crassipes showed that this plant is very rich in water, and that the values of metabolizable energy and carbohydrate content are high. The ash contents are higher in the roots. On the other hand, the lipids are present in the form of traces as well as the proteins at rates less than 20%. It could therefore be a source of raw material for the extraction of biogas, the manufacture of compost to enrich the soil (Almoustapha and al., 2008), the making of works of art and animal feed (Gupta, 1998). For a sustainable management of these resources, it is important to have instruments capable of storing, processing, modeling and restoring data in various forms.
Water Hyacinth for Biofertilisers production: Harvested water hyacinths left dry can quickly wilt and will in time, be naturally composted. Cleared land with a pile of water hyacinth leftovers will quickly enter secondary succession driven by the nutrients provided by the composted weed through natural fertilisation. Rich in organic nutrients, water hyacinth consists of more than 70% organic matter on a dry basis (Jafari, 2010.) and high levels of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) content (Ilo and al., 2020) Water hyacinth can be either mulched (Balasubramanian and al.,2013;Indulekha and al., 2018;Xu andal., 2017), composted (Ali andLu and al., 2017) vermin composted (Gajalakshmi and al., 2002;Nath & Singh, 2016) or anaerobically digested (Sharma and Suthar, 2020) for biofertilisation purposes. Irina and al. (2021) affimed that harvested water hyacinths left to dry on land can quickly wilt and will, in time, be naturally composted. Cleared land with a pile of water hyacinth leftovers will quickly enter secondary succession driven by the nutrients provided by the composted weed through natural fertilisation.

Lag phase detection and monitoring:
However, Water Hyacinth is use in monitoring early and lag phase detection and reporting is havoc, and very few organization works to curtail water hyacinth invasion, so there is need for national and field-monitoring systems. Network can use technics such (i) real-time data-collecting; (ii) molecular detecting change ; (iii) chemical pheromone monitoring; (iv) physical monitoring (eg ground penetrating radar) ; and (v) remote data transferring outline by (Wan and Yang, 2016). In view of the opportunity that the water hyacinth can represent, we can ask ourselves the question of why these methods of recovery have not been popularized in Africa, especially in Cameroon? In addition to these advantages that water hyacinth can have, it could have many others (figure 2). Figure 2. Water hyacinth as a biomass (Gajendra and al., 2020)

Conclusion and Recommendations
Water hyacinth (E. crassipes [Mart.] Solms) is one of the most widespread invasive macrophytes in tropical countries, particularly in Cameroon. This situation has led decision-makers to take measures aimed at combating these nuisances, in particular by physical, biological or even chemical means. However, physical control beyond providing some control of water hyacinth infestation in the aquatic environment appears to be the most suitable method of getting the most out of this plant. To this end, this method offers the possibility of upgrading it into value-added products with regard to the opportunities it offers, in particular its availability, its morphological and physicochemical structure. However, several recommendations can be made to Cameroonian local administrations, which are advised to create the Early Detection and Rapid Response System (EDRR 3.0) for Invasive Plants. The landscape approach to EDRR, which involves the development of EDRR capacity at all levels of the landscape. In addition, local communities and Non-Governmental Organizations have a real role in detecting and reporting Water Hyacinth to prevent their spread.