Research on the Contents and Development Mode about the Intensive Urbanization

In this paper, the process of urbanization in the current one-sided pursuit of quantity and speed of urbanization, ignoring the inherent quality of urbanization, from the perspective of the development of intensive urbanization, proposed intensive urbanization ideas: From the agglomeration of population, space intensive, industrial clusters defined in terms of the connotation of intensive urbanization; Based on resource-saving, environment friendly, cost-effective development goals of the intensive urbanization, proposed the typical pattern of intensive urbanization, that is the pattern of urbanization and land-based, ecological patterns of urbanization, urban cluster model.


The Connotation of Intensive Urbanization
The so-called intensive urbanization is based on intensive growth and consumption patterns, based on various factors by raising efficiency and maintains a sustainable urban development process or method.Specifically, intensive urbanization, including the following three aspects:

Concentration of the Population
The first performance of the process of urbanization is the majority of the population of rural regions to urban areas.And different from the traditional population urbanization, intensive urbanization of the population gathered is mainly in the appropriate population size and growth rate, a sound social security system, pleasant living environment.Avoid the accumulation of population to urban disorder development of adverse effects.This process is specifically manifested in three aspects: First, the scale of the urban population continued optimization.Population size determines the size of urban land and infrastructure scale.Principles of sustainable development requires us to study the city scale, must be considered in certain circumstances the threshold, that is the size capacity of the urban environment, to explore the best urban system as a whole, economic efficiency and environmental comfort together to achieve the capacity of the scale.
Second, the resident's quality of life improved.Not only is the population of urban settlements, and as a regional political, economic, cultural education, science and technology center, should be comfortable for the residents of the production and living environment, and continuously improve the quality of life of residents.
Third, resident's living environment continues to be improved.Urban environment is closely related with the relationship between urban lives.Harmonious cities need to appropriate living environment.The environment includes both the natural environment, but also the social environment.Include the following: reasonable and distinctive urban design, unified and diverse natural environment, to facilitate orderly traffic environment, human environment attractive harmony.
Concentration of the population corresponds to the basic requirements, in the process, to do the following: First, common to urban and rural construction planning and population development Family planning in China's urbanization process, especially in the urban population had a direct and important influence.As China's market economy system and improve and promote the urbanization process, the conditions of the existing family planning policy is undergoing profound changes.For example, in the basic pension, medical care and subsistence allowances to achieve the integration of urban and rural, urban and rural residents in the reproductive attitudes and family values have changed and so on.In this context, to optimize the population structure and improve the population quality, the development of human resources objectives to achieve the integration of urban and rural family planning, so that the population of urban and rural construction and development coordination.
Second, promote the relationship between the employment system and urbanization.First of all, alleviate structural unemployment.Main ways: to increase the intensity of macroeconomic regulation and guidance, and promote rational distribution of economic structure; increase investment in human capital, improve the ability of anti-structural unemployment; to take various measures to ensure the effective and rational flow of labor; providing public service to help unemployed personnel.Second, expand the employment of urban space.Domestic and international experience shows that the increase of employment space, to provide jobs, depends on economic growth and industrial structure, ownership structure.Main ways: to rely on the development of tertiary industry increased flexibility in employment growth; to establish small and medium enterprises and non-public ownership economy as the main channel of the expansion of employment status; to implement the "going global" development strategy to increase employment, and so driven.Third, we must improve the city's employment mechanism.Main ways: to establish a unified, standardized labor market, improve the employment service system; comprehensively improve the quality of labor, the implementation of flexible forms of employment; open up new financing channels, the living arrangements and other laid-off workers.
Third, establish a multi-level social security system.Establish and improve the level of economic development compatible with the social security system, social stability and an important guarantee for national long-term security, but also of the intensive urbanization of the important part.Main ways: to speed up the establishment of supplementary pension insurance system; establishing a sound social security fund collection and management system; as soon as possible to establish the social security fund supervision system to ensure safety of the funds; as soon as possible a variety of social security funds into the budget management track and so on.
Fourth, cancel dual household registration system and implement a dollar household registration system.Original intent of the dual household registration system in rural person-days in order to avoid excessive flow caused by urban expansion of cities, industrialization costs.However, as conditions change, the dual household registration system has clearly not met the requirements of social development.So should the situation of China, comply with the industrialization and urbanization of the objective law, deepening the reform of household registration system, to break the household registration restrictions, and gradually relax the Rural Workers Employment and residence conditions for migrant workers enjoy basic social security and urban public services to equal pay for migrant workers and urban workers with the right to live and work in the city.
In short, in this process, first of all to promote the employment system and the coordination of population, urbanization, alleviate structural unemployment, to expand employment space in the urban, to improve the city's employment mechanism.Second, we must establish and improve the social security system compatible with the level of economic development, social stability and state is important to ensure long-term security, but also of the intensive urbanization of the important part.

The Intensification of Urban Space
With the population to urban areas, intensive urbanization, another outstanding performance is the intensification of urban space.It reflected in the efficiency of urban land use, more complete of transportation and other infrastructure, more robust mechanisms for urban management.
Compared with the traditional urbanization, space intensive process must adjust and optimize the existing urban space; this is a long and arduous task.It involves the migration of certain industries and residents, to generate a lot of costs, related to the adjustment of the optimal spatial structure tends to the enormous benefits generated reasonable.Used in the process of urban space not only to consider its own interests, but also pay attention to public interests and to make space on the interface to be the marginal unit cost of the minimum space utilization, and total and high efficiency.Requires the full use of market means to optimize the spatial structure.For example, the right to development set the space, control space plane and three-dimensional volume of higher density in areas of space utilization.Amount of new urban space or to bidding to take advantage of the way, make the investment program most beneficial utilization of space.
Compared with the traditional urbanization, space intensive process requires the intensification of urban land use.Asked the city government should prepare the overall city planning and scientific land use planning, reasonable scale of urban construction land and land distribution, effective allocation and utilization of land resources, and guide sustainable urban development.Planning should take economic and social development based on not only satisfies the needs of urban development, land use, but also ensure the protection of land resources.Required to further improve the land management system, fully implement strict land use controls, strict control of the amount of urban land supply.
Compared with the traditional urbanization, it needs to increase the floor area ratio of land and to play three-dimensional effect of the city.The one hand, full use of urban land space, mainly through the construction of urban public facilities to achieve high-rise buildings, industrial space, green three-dimensional; on the other hand make full use of underground space, development of underground car parks, subway, underground pedestrian system and other measures volume rate of increase of land.Underground city land use fees, construction costs lower than the ground, its development is more feasible than the floor space, more potential in saving energy and resources, it is also better than the floor space development.

Industry Cluster
The so-called Industry cluster is in a regional context, producing a number of products supporting enterprises, and knowing the upstream and downstream businesses, high together, form a unique industrial economic phenomenon.Industry presents a regular phenomenon, that is, the decision to expand the scale of industry clusters raise the level of urbanization, the city decided to raise the level of cluster scale.This is mainly the following three reasons.First, Industry cluster beneficial professional development, and improving labor productivity.Industry Cluster led the capital, technology and other factors of production agglomeration, and to further promote the transportation, catering and other service industries and related industries, the promotion of capital goods market, commodities markets and the rise of the city and the prosperity of other industries, providing more employment opportunity for labor to secondary and tertiary industries a large number of transfers, to boost the attractiveness and capacity, so that expanding the scale of the city, the city's radiation enhancement.
Second, industrial clusters can reduce the cost of urbanization.Industry cluster to promote urban production and living functions, which enhances the science of urban planning, rationality, combined with the cluster of geography, culture and organizations gathered to enable enterprises to reduce transaction costs and production costs, companies can be scale economic and external economies of scope to attract more business gathering.
Third, cluster expansion of the geographical space of urbanization.After the formation of industrial clusters, industrial clusters may be due to land prices, labor costs and other factors, will spread to surrounding areas, and promote the development of industrial clusters surrounding areas.Development of industrial clusters around the region, its rapid urbanization will increase.With the surrounding area raise the level of urbanization, in some not far from the city, the same structure will link the city to form a city group.
Urban economy is the basis for urban development; urban economic growth is the first city-led industrial growth.Cluster mainly in the optimization of industrial structure, the coordination of industrial clusters, and efficient economic development.
In the optimization of intensive urban industrial structure, choose the city leading industry is the key.The city's leading industries not only have an absolute advantage in the market, but also with the comparative advantage of production efficiency.From the resource use efficiency point of view, select large sectors of comparative advantage, which is selected cities, can be efficient use of resources and the environment industry sector.At the same time, choose the leading industry resource and environmental constraints should be preferred less of the industrial sector, that is, technology and intellectual-intensive industries, which have a comparative advantage does not decrease with the expansion of industrial-scale features that better urban leading industry contributions.It should have a number of leading industries, so industry and promote economic growth more evenly distributed, to play to adapt to urban resources combined effects of structural characteristics.This will not only make full use of city resources as well as the formation of multiple growth poles, lead a balanced and stable economic growth in the city.
Summing up the three aspects, intensive urbanization process is affected by economic laws, is a dynamic process of development, when it reaches a certain height, will be relatively static with the urban function and infrastructure services, loss of balance ability to form various contradictions objectively there needs renovation to meet the higher demands intensive.Therefore, the city is continually tap the intensive process of its development potential is the initial stage of urban development from the advanced stage of transition to the historical process.The higher the city's intensification is, the greater its ability to self-renewal.Of course, the city's intensification is not endless; the capacity of urban space is limited.That is, when the city reached a very high level (urbanization rate of 80% to 90%), when the city of space capacity has been saturated, the city's development potential has been exhausted, the city has reached a high stage of development.

The Development Mode of Intensive Urbanization
To promote the sustainable development of urbanization, intensive urbanization must be based on resource-saving, environmentally friendly and cost-effective.Based on intensive urbanization, development goals, typical pattern of urbanization can have the following:

Resource Conservation-Oriented of Land-Based Urbanization Mode
Land-based Urbanization mode is dwindling lands resources; a substantial increase in population has made the background.Includes the following two modes

Old City Reconstruction Patterns
(1) Time point of view of the gradual transformation mode Urbanization in China began relatively late, but rapid development, thus leading to the living environment of the city's very different.From the 20th century 90's, the cities appear a large-scale urban renewal, but most simply "tear down the reconstruction."This model is considered in the interests of developers, ignored the requirements of environmental reform itself, ignoring the age old residential and identification of living for the city structure and meaning of urban culture.This leads to a city break in the living years, the formation of a large number of the same neighborhoods and residential areas, the loss of the living environment of its due recognition.Therefore, from the perspective of time, establish a gradual reconstruction model.In the transformation process to emphasize the physical, economic, social, historical culture, the overall planning, this played a role in the cultural, environmental and resources protection.Therefore, maintain the structure of urban living in chronological continuity.In addition, the gradual model can reduce the huge costs, while also continuing development of the times the progressive implementation of reform, the formation of an ecological reconstruction of energy-saving mode.
(2) Space point of view of the three-dimensional mode Plane of urban growth will only bring more problems, such as satellite mode of construction can only be occupied more land resources, and then refined and improved two-dimensional urban design and the results were only temporarily alleviate some of the city contradictions, without giving the city the capacity and performance needs of Intensive been solved.Only cities and urban performance of the unit capacity was expanded and improved way to resolve conflicts before the city may have a broader way.
The extensive urban development model has not proven the effectiveness of intensive play with the city completely compatible.So for the transformation of cities, an especially large city is mainly focused on the issue of performance intensive, intensive three-dimensional model city that is an effective solution.
The city three-dimensional mainly refers to city-based surface.These cities in the three-dimensional space, interspersed with each other in some way intertwined with overlapping or even the shape mechanism.It requires three-dimensional spatial coordinates various functions to resolve conflicts, create a new system of three-dimensional form, its essence is multi-dimensional utilization of urban space.Such as urban transport systems in different transport modes of three-dimensional switching architecture across the transport line of the whole group, or sink to improve the quality of high altitude and underground environments.City is a major characteristic three-dimensional urban elements that make overall arrangements for and use.

Urbanization Patterns of Rural Local
This refers to the original place of residence in the rural population, through the development of production and increasing income, improving infrastructure, the development of social undertakings, to improve them, to change the way of life, to live the city life.This is the result of many efforts: first, modern transportation and communication technologies and the rapid development of strong government support makes the road and communications equipment into the countryside, which not only make farmers understand the information very conveniently, but also to the rural way of living, thinking gradually closer to the city concept.Secondly, agricultural mechanization and mass production, more and more farmer's conversion, they can go to engage in various non-farm activities, and lead a more prosperous life.Third, local farmers feelings makes them more willing to develop their career in the home, to building a better home, to live a city life.
Intensive urbanization as a model, on the one hand, it is through the development of rural economy and increase farmers income, improving rural infrastructure, developing rural social undertakings and other measures to change the backward rural areas, narrowing the gap between urban and rural areas; the other hand, It is populated by scattered, reducing the pressure on the city to avoid urban damage caused by overcrowding.After years of construction, the construction of new countryside in China booming, there has emerged a number of typical in rural local urbanization, such as the Garden Village in Zhejiang Province, Huaxi Village in Jiangsu Province, the Nam Shan Village in Shandong Province, and so on.Most farmers in these areas are no longer engaged in agricultural production has been transferred to the secondary and tertiary industries, higher income, education, health care, retirement, housing and other basic realization of a welfare state, their living standards over the city, known as the beautiful and rich " Rural City."

Environment Friendly-Oriented of Ecology Urbanization Mode
Eco-city is an economic development, social progress, ecological protection to maintain a high degree of harmony, technical and natural to achieve the full integration of urban and rural environment, beautiful, comfortable, and to promote the constant improvement of urban civilization, stable, coordinated and sustainable development of natural and artificial environment complex system.Demands the formation of eco-city social harmony, economic efficiency, and ecological form of virtuous circle of human settlements, the establishment of nature, cities and people merge into an organic whole formed a symbiotic structure.
Ecology urbanization of the contents of the at least include the following: Social ecology, economic ecology and natural ecology.These areas are inextricably linked, the natural ecology is the foundation, is the condition of economic and ecological, social ecology is the goal.The most important is the coordination among the development, have gained in the overall coordination of the development of circular economy that is oriented, following the concept of sustainable development and the application of ecological economics and law of economic activity guide human society.Traditional economy is a "resources -products -Waste Disposal" one-way flow of linear economy, but the economic cycle by "ecological chain" approach to economic activities to form a "resources -products -waste -renewable resources products, "the circular flow, so that a harmonious integration into the economic system, natural ecosystems, the material cycle.
Industries and enterprises is the main organization of economic activity and the carrier, so recycling economy development model eco city is essentially a recycling economy development model of industrial and regional development patterns.At the present stage of development of circular economy in China have two main priorities.
First, focus areas -production and consumption.Recycling economy development model in production is the rehabilitation and reconstruction of the national economy in all industries, so that the direction of the ecological transformation, the formation of sustainable modes of production; in consumption is mainly the development of green consumption and changes in lifestyle and behavior, Building sustainable consumption patterns.
The second is the key industries -ecological industry, ecological agriculture, green services and waste reuse, recycling and sound kicking Industry Department.The two focus areas and four circular economy industrial systems constitute the basic elements of industrial development model and framework.When these elements have permeated each other, support each other, forms the enterprise cyclic production, industrial cycle type compound, resources circulating within the social context in the use of state on the completion of the cycle economy the regional model.
Ecology urbanization development model is in practice, the use of economic theory and principles of organization cycle of economic activity, will transform the traditional model of economic development as a "low-resource energy input, high economic output, low emissions," the new model.Ecological City of recycling economy is a gradual and orderly system of development and functional long-term process that requires careful ecological planning implementation, need economic, social and cultural aspects of successful transition.Meanwhile, the urban ecological construction is a huge systematic project, should be taken into account reasonable development, environment, effective regulation, quality supply of public goods, recycling of materials and the optimal allocation of the city features a series related to urban sustainable development The major problems.

Economic Efficiency Oriented of Urban Cluster Mode
City Cluster, is a specific regional context gathered a considerable number of different nature, type and of the size of the city, to one or two big cities as the center, must rely on the natural environment and traffic conditions, the intrinsic link between the city continuously strengthened, together form a relatively complete city "collection."As the city expanded the group's formation connotation and extension of the city, so it makes the city both internal and external radiation is obvious.Intensive urban cluster model on the development of urbanization has played a powerful role in thrust.
First, urban clusters further the efficiency of scale economies.In theory, arising due to spatial aggregation effects of agglomeration economies on the production function, cost function and demand function are exerting an important influence, Conger on the optimal allocation of economic resources as well as the development of the huge economic impact ".Modern city compared to rural areas, the efficiency of resource use and management has a greater advantage, which is the result of urban economic aggregation, and the cluster can expand the urban agglomeration economy advantages.This is due to the formation of urban clusters system among the city economy, not just confined within a single city; urban clusters can be complementary to the urban economy in the cities have to play, not just limited to within the city; urban economy external characteristics and location will be expanded and extended.
Second, urban clusters are conducive to industrial restructuring and promote economic restructuring.The emergence of city clusters, from an objective to enable people from the "overall" perspective to the problem, in the region and between regions and between urban and city unified planning, integration of resources, to play a regional advantage, adjust the industrial structure.The formation of urban clusters can effectively promote the concentration of resources and population to carry out inter-regional economic integration.City Cluster not only needs to face the reality of international competition can also increase domestic consumption to spur economic growth while reducing external risks.Such as the Zhejiang city of Formation, in the commodity markets gathered strength, and the role of radiation, the factor market becomes more active, supporting industries enhanced ability to continue to increase market share.The city has formed a group to Yaw, Yanking field as a platform, links around the cluster, resource sharing, division of work in the market economic circle, and promote comprehensive, coordinated and rapid regional economic development.