Comparison on Police Education between Chinese and Britain

There is the great dispute on the Chinese police training mechanism, some local public security institutions begin their reform and others are preparing for reform. In order to serve our police educational system better, we compare Chinese police education system with British police training system. The comparison attention is focusing on the origin, status in quo and the courses. Chinese police academic education should follow their own path, not entirely copying the Western countries.

In early 2008, a message that Public Security University will stop to admit for undergraduate on the network led to the great dispute on the Chinese police training mechanism, which news was reprinted by Nanfang Metropolitan Newspapers and made a national sensational impact all over the country.However, two days later, it was denied by the Ministry of Public Security: the reports about Police Institutions stopping admitting students were not true, and the reform of police system are still brewing, not yet being a formal program.It is undeniable that some local public security institutions begin their reform and others are preparing for reform, so the news about Chinese police training mechanism is not entirely the fake new.
Long before the news spreading, August 2006, I received the information from China Scholarship Council and told me I will been sent to the United Kingdom .As a teacher in Police Institutes, I decided to go abroad to study the Britain newest police education ideas and began to pay attention to the collection of relevant information.In October 2007, I successfully arrived at the Birmingham-the Britain second largest city and began a one-year academic visiting studying in Law School of Birmingham University, a well-known University in United Kingdom, and started to Britain to continue the study of the system.Very luckily for me is that my tutor-Stephen Shute-is a very famous professor in the field of criminal law and criminal justice in the United Kingdom and enjoys a high prestige in the Law Faculty of Birmingham University.Stephen Shute admires my study plan about police training system and expresses a great deal of recognition and praise, moreover he helps contact Birmingham local police station and lets me have the opportunity to learn the police training exercise of United Kingdom face-to-face.In this way, I learn a lot of information and knowledge of police training from the Britain police station and training centers.

Origin of Chinese police education system
Chinese police education system was formed around founding of the PRC.In the 1980s, it started to recover and begin to embark on the development and reach the peak at the turn of the last century.From the early founding to the time of reforming and opening-up, Chinese police education have gone through a long and tortuous but vigor and vitality way, turning the "poor and blank" situation to the successful status quo, especially the quality leap in the new century .But at the beginning of the 21st century, our police education system faces a crucial period-stopping formal police schooling education from the Shanghai Public Security College to People's Police School of Hainan Province to Beijing Police College.From the basic structure of police education, Chinese police education development has gone through a course of "training to academic education and training", and it is likely to take the history of.Reincarnation from academic education and training to single training.
The first police academy in Chinese public security education history was founded by the Communist Party of China in Linyi, Shandong Province in May 1946, which is the predecessor of Shandong Police College today.In the same year, on the basis of eradicating traitor classes in the Northeast China, the Harbin Public Security School was set up, while the training classes for public security personnel were also held in Heilongjiang, Nenjiang, Songjiang, Hejiang, Suining (Mudanjiang) provinces.All these have become the seeds of public security education in Northeast China.

Origin of Britain police education system
Until 1829, law enforcement had been lacking in organization.As London expanded during the 18th and 19th centuries the whole question of maintaining law and order had become a matter of public concern.In 1812, 1818 and 1822, Parliamentary committees were appointed to investigate the subject of crime and policing.But it was not until 1828 when Sir Robert Peel set up his committee that the findings paved the way for his police Bill, which led to the setting up of an organized police service in London and then all over the United Kingdom.Britain Police Education System is emerging with the organized police service in London.
In 1929, Sir Arthur • Dixon of Ministry of Home Office submitted a plan of preparing for the establishment of National Police Academy to the police Commission.Lord Trenchard firmly grasped the unique idea and set up a police academy in Greater London in 1934, which was closed in 1939 because of the war.However, it can be said that it creates an education and training opportunities for British police.Now the early Police Staff College, Bramshill, which lies in Bramshill House, Bramshill, Hook, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England, is the principal police staff training establishment in the United Kingdom.It was established in 1948 as the National Police College and accommodated in temporary buildings near Coventry in England.The buildings were forbidding and uncomfortable but during those pioneer years there was created a keen sense of pride and visitors even then were amazed at the dignity and cordiality which is still the hallmark of the College today.Bramshill was renamed in 1979.From 1948 to 1960 it was located at Ryton-on-Dunsmore, Warwickshire, and moved to Bramshill in 1960.

Comparison on origin of police education system between Chinese and Britain
In this phase of the police education development, there are many local public security cadre schools having set up in order to give policemen the short-term vocational training on skills in Chinese.To a large extent, this period of public security education is to smash the old police force and create new China's public security force all over the country.At the same time, various types of public security education and training classes have set up in many places, but there are no systematic, long-term specialized schools.In general, this period of public security education is a low education qualification.At the same time, for lacking of national police agencies in the United Kingdom, the establishment time of England police agencies is same as the time of police academies.The police academies are very rare and lack of the detail information about various local police training school.The early development of police education in United Kingdom is very simple and clear.

Status in quo of Chinese police education system
From the end of Cultural Revolution to 1998, Chinese public security education model consists of three forms: general academic education, adult education and vocational training education.In 1998, medium-level education is abolished by the Ministry of Public Security and the present stages of Chinese public security are academic education, undergraduate and graduate levels.
At the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the21st century, base on the "Great Leap" situation of Chinese higher education, a significant portion of our local public security have been Under the Ministry of Public Security's commitment, three academic schools of public security are undergraduate-level schools, while the Chinese People's Public Security University not only is a school of master's degree-level, but also is awarded a doctorate of law litigation and a post-doctoral research center.There are a total of 9 provinces and cities bearing undergraduate academic education of public security in 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities), 10 academic education, 11 higher vocational training, only Hainan Province has no public security education school.

Comparison on status in quo of police education system between Chinese and Britain
From the structure view, the basic police education system is the same between Chinese and British.There are the education and training agencies at the central level and local level, while Chinese police training institutions at the central level has higher authority directly under the Ministry of Public Security.For governments in Scotland and Northern Ireland have greater independence, the police training police only applies to in England and Wales and being null and void in Scotland and Northern Ireland.
In addition, the three levels of training in British are full of vocational education and no educational qualifications.A number of other British colleges and universities, even Oxford University and University of Cambridge have a number of professional police curriculums, and a number of private schools also provide specialized training for police officer in different levels.In China, the police education institutions at all levels provide academic and vocational training, but the more is the former.The police education institutions can award bachelor, master or doctoral degree to the student.
Of course, the main force for training police officers is located in public security organs at county or city.As an individual, the policeman or policewoman can go to common institutions to learn some skill, but this was not the Mainstream.

Courses in Chinese police education system
As an example, we have listed the courses for 2007 undergraduates majoring of investigation in Hubei University of Police and taken a look at Chinese police curriculum.Hubei University of Police asks all 2007 undergraduates majoring of investigation must learn five types' courses in their four-year college time.From the above, we know that the students majoring of investigation must learn 63 courses in a four-year university time.Every course can get some credits, and the credits distribution and courses distribution at each semester is on the Appendix A: Curriculum and academic credits, timetable for Investigation Student of Hubei University of Police.

Courses in British police education system
The courses of British Police College are very specific and practical, including laws and regulations, criminal investigation, traffic management, transnational crime, such as electronic monitoring technology with higher levels of education and training content, and how to establish contacts with the parliament, how to deal with other sectors of society, and how to provide assistance to the affected families, and psychological comfort Public relations, and other aspects of education and training content.Building safety, child crime and even "how to deal with stray dogs" are included in the training content.
The Bramshill Police College had provided five courses as follows: the first course is the Special Course which trains young officers of outstanding promise who have been finally selected by Extended Interview (a three-day Civil Service type of assessment using a battery of different tests and interviews).The second course is the Inspectors' Course trains officers of the rank of Inspector for the responsibilities of the middle management ranks of the Service.The third course is Command Courses which trains for senior command and is in two parts: Command Course Part I have as its objective the furthering of the personal development of officers of Superintendent Rank to prepare them for the additional demands and responsibilities of Divisional or Departmental command.Command Course Part II prepares selected officers of Superintendent and Chief Superintendent Rank for the highest posts in the Police Service of the United Kingdom.A number of senior police officers from overseas also attend these courses; from U.S.A., Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and many African and some European countries.The fourth course is the Overseas Command Course which lasts for three months, and is designed to increase the professional competence of senior overseas police officers already serving in or destined for the rank of Assistant Commissioner/Colonel in overseas Police Forces.The last course is planning a New Course which is for the approach to the construction of a new course may well be the best vehicle to convey some idea of current College thinking.It is stressed however that these proposals are tentative at this stage.

Comparison on courses of police education system between Chinese and Britain
Basically, the curriculum of Chinese police education system is the same as that of ordinary University in Chinese education system.On the other hand, the special focuses on the curriculum of police education system that reflects more the demand of police enforcement.From 4.1 Courses in Chinese Police Education System, we can make a conclusion that Chinese police education system pays more attention to the foundation and basic courses, Public Basic Course accounts for 30.7 percent of the total classes.Professional Basic Course and Professional Course accounts for 42.3 percent of the total classes.Police-training Course is the special-course and accounts for 20.2 percent of the total classes.
While British police training have a much strong practical target, and it reflect its outstanding characteristics that the training must fit the needs of the spirit of the practice.They make enormous capital to the establishment of a series of simulation training room, which is similar to actual environment and the background.These training room include simulation room houses, mainly for research to address domestic violence crime, residential theft, fire, and other on-site investigation and handling of the case; savings simulation room, to consider how to deal with robbery, fraud and other crimes; store simulation rooms, primarily for research to deal with robbery, theft crimes; simulated bar rooms, primarily for research to deal with all kinds of crime in public places of entertainment; drug abuse and trafficking simulation room for the study of the drug traffickers identify, track and search, such as hiding drugs; mock court to practice having to testify in court about the same suspects talks, asked the judge to answer, such as knowledge skills.

Conclusion
Chinese current police education system is facing pressure on two sides: on the one hand, our police education system does not meet the development trend of police academic education in today's world.On the other hand, our police education system is facing the education qualifications and lower rate of employment.The employment rate determines the level of police academies in the coming year and the assessment of the inspection, and can even determine the existence of professional schools.
Chinese police academic education has a great contribution to the development of Chinese public security in the long history, and the contribution is still on.The police academic education continues to grow an important part in Chinese education system.But at present, the police academic education is facing a variety of accusation, some are true (such as low employment rate) but others are not entirely the problem of academic education.Chinese police academic education should follow their own path, not entirely copying the Western countries.Reenen, P. van. (1983) Britain police education system Now, the British police education and training system is divided into three levels: First, the National Police Academy, in charge of training the country's senior police officers.Under Part 4 of the Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001, the National Police Academy was established a part of the Central Police Training and Development Authority (Centrex).In 2005 was established as an agency of the European Union (EU) (Council Decision 2005/681/JHA of 20 September 2005), the CEPOL Secretariat.The acronym CEPOL is French and stands for Collège européen de police -European Police College in English.As of the 1 April 2007, the National Police Academy became part of the National Policing Improvement Agency (NPIA) which has replaced Centrex.The NPIA supports the police service by providing expertise in areas such as serious crime analysis, training, operational support and in the development of new policing technologies and skills.Second, the Scottish Police College is responsible for training police officers in Scotland and the new police.Prior to the Second World War, there was no centralized training for officers of the Police Service in Scotland though the City Forces of Edinburgh and Glasgow provided some assistance in the training of recruits from neighboring Forces.Soon after the war it was decided that all recruits or probationers, as they are termed for the first two years of service, should he trained in a central establishment and, more important, that there should be some form of higher police training for more senior officers.The Scottish Police College commenced training in 1954 following a decision that officers from all Scottish Forces should be trained centrally.The College is located in the centre of Scotland, situated in about 90 acres of parkland.At the heart of the campus is Tulliallan Castle, built in the early 19th Century.On 1 April 2007, the Scottish Police College became part of the Scottish Police Services Authority (SPSA).The SPSA was created as a non-departmental government body by the Police, Public Order and Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 2006 and provides expert policing and support services to Scotland's eight police forces and criminal justice community, including training, forensics, communications, and data and information technology.Third, as an Independent Commission on Policing in Northern Ireland, the Northern Ireland Police College (NIPC) was set up as part of the Agreement reached in Belfast on 10 April 1998.The task of the Commission was to provide 'a new beginning to policing' in Northern Ireland.In its report published in 1999 the Commission made 175 recommendations about policing in Northern Ireland.Amongst the recommendations were proposals regarding the composition, size and structure of the Police Service.It also recommended the creation of new accountability structures, and said that Human Rights and community policing should underline all of the work carried out by the Police Service.There are many other Training Center in local Police station are responsible for the training of local police officers in 43 police station of England and Wales, ranging from the city to the small town, each having their own training centers or training schools.These mandatory training centers are designated by the majority of the training courses, and even learning from the big police training centers.The police training center of London is one of the earliest and large and known as The Peel Center founded in 1934 to commemorate Robert Peel--the British police founder.
The first part is Public Basic Course, which including The basic principles of Marxism, Introduction to Mao Zedong Thought Deng Xiaoping Theory and "Three Represents", Outline of Modern Chinese History, Moral Cultivation and legal basis, College Students Mental Health, Formal logic, College Chinese, College English, Bases and application of computer, Civil law, Administrative Law, Police Psychology, Based Theory about Public Security, Criminal Legal Instruments of Public Security.These Public Basic Courses are total of 858 classes, accounting for 30.7 percent of the total classes.The second part is Professional Basic Course, which including Introduction to Law, Introduction to Face-battle Police (This is a feature course of Hubei University of Police), Evidence, Criminal Law, Procedural Law, Criminology, Public Order, Criminal Technology, International Crime and Prevention, Anti-drug study, Professional English, Introduction to Domestic Security.These Professional Basic Courses are total of 612 classes, accounting for 21.9 percent of the total classes.The third part is Professional Course , which including General Investigation, Crime Scene Exploration, Investigation Measures and Strategy, Criminal Information, Pre-trail Science, Criminal Investigation, Economic Crime Investigation, Technology Investigation, Integrated Simulation Training.These Professional Courses are total of 570 classes, accounting for 20.4 percent of the total classes.The fourth part is Police-training Course, which including Police Skills, Police Tactics, Use of Police Weapons, Police Physical Fitness, Barriers to Cross, Police Swimming, Climbing, Driving.These Police-training Courses are total of 566 classes, accounting for 20.2 percent of the total classes.The fifth part is Elective Course, which including Situation and Policies, Contemporary World Economics and Politics, Document Retrieval, Art Appreciation, Criminal Psychology, Judo, Martial Arts, Calligraphy, Table Tennis, Aerobics, Re-education through labor, The Art of War, The management of the detention center, Economic Law, Case Literature, Science of Criminal Victims, Psychological Testing, Mathematical Modeling, Civil sense, Management.These Elective Courses are total of 664 classes, accounting for 6.8 percent of the total classes.
In May 1948, the Northeast Public Security School was established, which is the predecessor of the China Criminal Police University.In July, the Social Department of North China Bureau of the CPC Central Committee created a cadre training class in XiYe Village, Ping Shan County, Hebei Province, which is the enlightenment of Chinese People's Public Security University.Before October 1949,there are many other school is set up all over the country, such as training department directly under the Ministry of Public Security Bureau of Inner Mongolia in March 1948 (the predecessor of Inner Mongolia police Vocational College), Tianjin Public Security School in January 1949(the predecessor of Tianjin public security officers Vocational College), Henan Province Public Security School in February (the predecessor of Henan Province Public Security College), Zhejiang public security cadre school in May(the predecessor of Zhejiang Police College), Shanghai police school (the predecessor of Shanghai Public Security College) and Nanjing Public Security School (the predecessor of Jiangsu Police Academy) in June, cadres training class of People's Public Security Bureau of Hubei Province in July(the predecessor of Hubei Police Academy), police cadre school of Fujian Province in August (the predecessor of Fujian Police College), public security cadre school of Jilin Province (the predecessor of Jilin Public Security College) in September .
upgraded to school-based Academy of Sciences, such as Jiangsu Police Academy in March 2002, Hubei Police Academy in May 2002, Yunnan Police Academy in May 2003, Shandong Police Academy in May 2004, Guangdong Police Academy in May 2004, Sichuan Police Academy in February 2006, Beijing Police Academy in March 2006, Zhejiang Police Academy in March 2007, Fujian Police Academy in May 2007.
The Scottish Police College offered slightly different courses (Appendix B: The Curriculum of Scottish Police College).From the teaching training program of the Scottish Police College in July 2006,we can take a look at Britain's broad police training courses, from the detective to investigate senior police officer courses, from the course of drugs, the economic survey courses, courses to police child protection course of negotiations, Special courses fraud officers, face drawing courses, crime scene management program to monitor sex offenders, and so on.Here we choose the senior detective training courses as examples of British police training content.Detective Training consists of three main courses supplemented by a wide range of specialist courses.The first part is the core course including Initial Investigators Course, Supervisory Investigators Course, and Senior Investigating Officers Course.The second part is the S.I.O Training course including Review of Major Investigations, Counter Terrorism, Kidnap and Extortion, Senior Identification Manager.The last part is the non-core course including Child Protection Course, Crime Scene Management Course, Drugs Course, Fraud Course, Financial Investigation, Interview Advisors Course, Facial Imaging Course, Family Liaison Officers Course, Family Liaison Officer Mentors Course, Joint Investigative Interview Training for Trainers, Monitoring of Sex offenders Course, Witness Liaison.
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