Ethical Sustainability in Iranian New Towns : Case Study of Shushtar New Town

Shushtar is ancient city in Khuzestan Province at south west of Iran and is considered as a world heritage. In the early 70’s, Shushtar New Town was decided to be constructed in order to answer the residential needs on new employers of Karun Agro-Industries Corporation. The project was located across the river from the old city and Kamran Diba, an Iranian well-known architect, designed this New Town for 30,000 residents. Shushtar New Town was designed in relevant with the cultural values of Iranian civilization to maintain the continuity with its regional historical background. Architect’s high attention on the traditional, cultural, social and historical aspect of the project helped it to be introduced as the distinguish design of 20 century. Yet, how was ethical sustainability emanated in the master plan of Shushtar New Town? This research aims to examine sustainability in the design priorities and current condition of Shushtar New Town, on the basis of ethical sustainability as the most integrated and comprehensive current approach of sustainable development. To reach the aim of the research, history of new towns in Iran and Shushtar New Town are described, indicators of ethical sustainability are reviewed through relevant literature in the next step and then, the design priorities and current condition of Shushtar New Town are examined on the basis of ethical sustainability. In conclusion, suggestions are presented to re-emanate ethical sustainability in Shushtar New Town, and new developments are recommended in relate with design’s main and mostly neglected objectives.


Introduction
Modern urbanization in Iran started from early 20s (Athari, 1991).It was after the governmental land reformation actions which the cities faced major population growth because of factors like improving health services, higher quality of living and more job opportunities.The mentioned factors were all in relate with the sudden increase in the international price of oil, followed by the higher income of the whole country which was unwisely restricted to flow only in the metropolises.The peak point of this immigration was during 1978 and 1979 when about 47% of the population growth of cities was due to immigration of villagers (Arjmand Nia, 1990).The population of Iranian Cities, and mainly the metropolises, were therefore doubled in less than two decades.As a result, the originality, identity and the quality of life of new citizens and their generation was facing true crises.The solution of Iran Urbanization and Housing Ministry to overcome this problem was designing and constructing new towns in the suburb areas of metropolises.
New town or satellite city is a planned city which is usually located nearby a metropolis and accommodates the immigrants from other parts of the country who want to work in the metropolis.New towns are usually considered as a solution for over populated metropolises.In Iran, formation of new towns started at late 70s, yet, was taken under serious consideration at mid80s.Today, by having an experience of more than two decades, accurate analyses of these new towns and their impacts on the priorities of sustainable development is needed.The positive and negative points of this accountable action has to be over viewed in order to fulfil the shortcomings of new towns and to face an uprising living quality of the poor population.Accepting the ethical approach of sustainability as the most comprehensive approach described in today's literature (Becker, 2012), examining these new towns based on the values of ethical sustainability could present a clear view of sustainability realization in Iran's new town design.

Different Types of New Towns in Iran
There have been three types of new towns in Iran.New hostel cities are the first type which offer housing to the overflow population of metropolises.The employment of the citizens in these new towns is completely dependent on the metropolis nearby.Baharestan new town, which was constructed in 1997 at the boarder of Isfahan Metropolis is known as one of these towns.Second types of new towns in Iran are the cities which are aimed to attract part of the population of the metropolises and can partly answer the needs of their citizens by creating job opportunities within the new town.Yet, in most cases, these cities are not entirely independent from metropolises.Rood-Hen Pardis new town at the boarder of Tehran as the capital of country, was planned in 1989 and is considered as one of the practiced examples of this type.The third types are the cities which are known to be as industrial cities and are aimed to provide residential comfort for the workers of a certain industry or workhouse at the suburbs.New town of Siraf, at the boarder of Boushehr Metropolis, is situated in the Special Economic Zone of Persian Gulf and is considered as one of these new towns.Siraf was constructed in 2007 to serve petroleum and Gas industries of the mentioned area (Darkoosh Abedin, 1993).The common point between all three existing types of new towns in Iran is their objective to offer suitable land property and mainly housing in accordance to the financial ability of the poor, mainly workmen and labourers, who are living in hard condition with low quality of life in the metropolises.
It was in mid90s when the concept of new towns were over looked in accordance to wide researches which took place on the basis of dynamism in urbanization.It was since then when the main objective of creating a new town became in complete relation with creating a systematic complex.A complex which apart from offering a proper frame for variable activities of various people, could offer enough flexibility to adopt with the dynamic nature of urbanization (Pakdaman, 1994).
A new town should be able to create strong financial foundations for itself so that apart from providing employment for its own citizens, it could also be considered as a city full of opportunities for others.New town should own identity and pass the sense of its identity to its citizens.Organizing a certain kind of activities and limiting the objectives of the city to those activities will not end to reaching high life quality for the citizens.
Among the eighteen new towns in Iran (Nori Nezhad, 2013), Shushtar New Town is selected as the case study of this research.This new town was designed and built as an industrial city in south west of Iran and its original design managed to glow as one of the best architecture and urban design projects among Iranian new towns of 20 th century.

Shushtar New Town as the Case Study of Research
In 1973, the Pahlavi dynasty in Iran initiated efforts to revitalise the economy of Shushtar, which had stagnated since the deterioration of the waterways in the 19th century, and to further develop agricultural resources in the province.Also, Karun Agro-Industries Corporation was established in Khuzestan and needed to plan a residential and urban complex for habilitation of employees and working staff.In addition to housing the employees of a firm, building a new town in the area could provide the inhabitants of the suburbs and villages around Shushtar with the possibility to find work and housing endowed with urban facilities and an optimal hygienic environment, while programming and industrially increasing the local agriculture resources-and thus enhancing the general level of the socio-economic life of the people of the region through exploitation of the local resources (Javaherian & Diba, 2005).Shushtar New Town is located at Khuzestan province at south west of Iran (figure 1).This new town was designed and constructed in adjacent to the ancient city of Shushtar and on the basis of traditional design priorities of Iranian urban design and architecture.It is known as one of the most successful design projects of Iran's new towns and is the only internationally introduced project which has been able to gain different notable awards in relate with its design priorities and social concerns.Design of Shushtar New Town was the winner of Aga khan Award for Architecture in 1986 and exhibited extensively in America, Germany, Italy, France and Japan.The plan of this new town has also been published in most architectural magazines around the world (Esteghlal & Bahadori, 2013).By designing and building Shushtar New Town, Diba presented a valuable pattern for residential complexes which have their traditional and regional identity, use the sustainable and regional materials and meet the needs of modern life style.The cover walks and Shushtar f order to c Town pres a large sca life styles   Locating other public places such as schools, public bath, Mosque and governmental buildings among the spin insists on even better communication among the citizens during their daily activities.In other words, the designer's effort to encourage corporation between the citizens in urban development and public gatherings on the basis of Iranian traditional urban design have ended to strengthen the relationship between citizens themselves besides their sense of identity towards their new town.

Sustainabi global pol
Energy saving strategies in the design of Shushtar New Town is due to the relationship between currently living humans and future generation.Using traditional features and vernacular design strategies to reach environmental comfort for the citizens plays an important role in the formation of this relationship.Designing shaded valleys alongside the bazaar and in between the residential and public spaces will provide more comfort for people in the warm months and therefore reduce the use of cooling facilities.Designing pass-ways due to the local wind direction will prevent wind dis-direction and allow natural ventilation in the residential valleys of Shushtar New Town (figure 8).Using traditional materials such as adobe bricks and simple geometrical patterns in the architectural design of the city reduces heat conversion during the sunny days (figure 9) and therefore, obtains human comfort with less energy consumption.Main central axis of the new town, which has been called as the spin of town by its designer, is highly effective in the formation of relationship between humans and nature.This spin has been designed as continues, wide green axis adjacent with different public spaces.The idea of locating gathering spaces and public buildings around a central green spin comes from tradition urban design of Iranian cities and is due to the importance of relationship between humans and nature in traditional cities of this country.Gathering public spaces around a green axis allows citizens to enjoy a natural environment while experiencing public correlations and strengthens citizen's relationship with nature in Shushtar New Town.The designer of Shushtar New Town has tried to use traditional strategies of town design both in feature and structure, and his effort lead to a successful relationship between humans and nature in this new town.Designing the residential zone in one or two stories in order to keep the best possible scenery and a fluent sky line of the town, designing a garden, even a small one, in front of every residential building and creating a private space for residence to have their own relationship with nature is an important technique of Iranian traditional urban design in the cities of hot-arid climate (figure 10).Summing of the described relationships in Shushtar New Town is presented in table1.
Table 1.Sustainable relationships in design priorities of Shushtar New Town

Sustainable relations Design priorities of Shushtar New Town
Relationship between humans and their contemporaries • Design of public axis along the town and in adjacent to public buildings, bazaar and public gathering spaces.• Design of wide range of open public spaces, paved squares, covered and shaded resting places, arcades, gardens and green fields • Design of multi-functional pass-ways and dead ended valleys

Relationship between currently living humans and future generation
• Adaption of traditional features and vernacular design strategies • Design of shaded valleys alongside the bazaar and in between the residential and public spaces • Adaption of traditional materials and simple geometrical patterns in the architectural design • Design of pass-ways due to the local wind direction

Relationship between humans and nature
• Design of main central axis of the new town as a green spin • Climatic design of the hall town and its architecture • Design of residential zone in one or two stories and keeping the best possible scenery • Design of private gardens for every residential unit Figure 10.Designing a small private garden for every residential unit will strengthen the relationship between human and nature

Examining Current Conditions of Shushtar New Town
After 30 years, an accurate overlook at Shushtar New Town is needed to evaluate the revival of its design in practice.By Islamic revolution in Iran, construction of Shushtar New Town stopped, the responsible organizations were replaced and D.A.Z.architects and planners left the country while only the first phase of project was completed.During one year of disruption in town construction, people from neighboring villages occupied some houses and a flow of war refugees faced to Shushtar New Town.They settled in not only the first phase houses, even in semi-built houses without door and windows.A report in 1986 shows that the 600 units of new town's first phase experienced a rapid over crowed.These units were designed for 4000 people, yet, three times more were inhabited that caused extra pressure on infrastructure of the town.Public spaces were abandoned and other constructions were not based on the master plan of town (Agha Khan Award for Architecture, 1986).Also, many built spaces got new functions that are shown in figure 11 and figure 12.For instance, the main boulevard that supposed to be a green walk way was turned to a big parking space (Rezaee, 2013).Sustainable relations no longer exist in Shushtar New Town because the design strategies and features which caused them have been neglected or destroyed.The valleys are no longer dead ended facing an open space for natural ventilation.The main axis has been damaged and can no longer act as the spin of Shushtar New Town.
Buildings have been constructed in different levels and multi-stories have destroyed the natural scenery and the city's beautiful sky line.As it is clear, this town did not develop as it was planned for several reasons, such as political conditions of Iran at 30 years ago which caused disruption in the construction and occupation of houses by various people who unconsciously damaged the residential areas, besides the public spaces, out of their unawareness of design values in their new town (Rezaee, 2013).Wrong decision making of in charged organizations, such as constructing new buildings in the designed zone while neglecting the objectives of the master plan, was also the most important reason of damage in Shushtar New Town.Eventually, the plan of new town was disharmonized and the designed zone experienced a serious damage.

Discussion and Suggestion
During last decades, particular attention was paid to relationship between human and environment by professional experts from different fields of ecological humanism, so concepts of sustainable development were defined inclusively (Kim & Todorovic, 2013;Naess, 2001;Thompson, 1998) but why having a sustainable building or sustainable city is still a major problem of today's development?To answer this question, some stated sustainability appraisal as an impossible fact due to rapid changes and uncertainties of today's world (Ravetz, 2000), others believes the notion of sustainable development is still vague and is considered as a confusing topic full of contradictions (Jabareen, 2008), and others pointed that this concept has not been practiced around the world very well yet (Celik, 2013).
In this study, regard to the examination of the studied area, it was found out that the design's priorities have not been fulfilled in the practice of Shushtar New Town, and therefore, it could be concluded that even though Shushtar New Town was designed in respect to the values of sustainable development and was analyzed in this research to meet the values of ethical sustainability, its constructed result in practice did not follow the named values and has not been able to create sustainable relations within its foundation.As the result of this research, Shushtar New Town in its current condition is not sustainable.Mohamadreza Bahadori, architect and urban planner who is also a member of Shushtar Architectural Commission, believes that by registering this new town in Iran National Heritage list, there would be a hope to stop more damages forced on the urban plan of Shushtar New Town, besides the irregular constructions which are not based on the master plan and is taking place in the current timing (Esteghlal & Bahadori, 2013).On the other hand, all the responsible authorities and organizations should be justified to follow the master plan of Shushtar New Town for further developments in the city.It is only in this case that further developments could have enough time to analyze the project and call for new studies to prepare design plans adaptable with the foundational structure of the town and its original master plan.To make this happen, Iranian Cultural Heritage Multi story buildings have destroyed the sky line of Shushtar New Town and the beautiful sceneries of its neighborhoods.and Tourism Organization should take its chance for registering this complex.This will not only be in the benefit of the residential parts, but it is mostly important for urban spaces to preserve the potentials of new town's context (Najafi, 2013).
In addition, during these years, different people interviewed with Kamran Diba in regards to the objectives of the design, current conditions and future of this town.Even though he had already stated this town's failure in achieving its primary objectives, he believes that it will still be possible to achieve 80% of its objectives if the responsible organizations, as decision makers, decide to prevent the town from destruction and stop this wrong process before new Shushtar becomes a slums settlements.Since this town holds extensive lands, the organizations will be able to get enough income from selling the lands to spend on the reclamation of residential areas which are mostly damaged.Financial management and inner investments can easily take place due to new town's natural potentials, yet, cooperation of Shushtar municipality is needs for integrating the management of the Shushtar New Town (Rezaee, 2013).
These discussions revealed that reclamation of this new town needs cooperation between different organizations to reach the best result as an integrated management for the town.It helps to stop chaotic construction and follow back the master plan of Shushtar New Town.Besides, it is recommended to invite the responsible professionals specially Diba and other D.A.Z corporation partners who designed this new town, hold the primary plans of the town and are eager to cooperate with new management and guide new developments.

Figure
Figure Figure 4 t

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Wide pass-ways of Shushtar New Town Figure 6.Central boulevard of Shushtar New Town Figure 13.Bird's view of Shushtar New Town at year 1989 Iran, has been designed to play the same role in the vicinity of Shushtar New Town's main spin. V