Textual Research on the Historical Position of Cotton Textile Industry in Shanghai Area in Yuan Dynasty

The Yuan Dynasty was the real beginning of Shanghai, which was also one of the important hub areas of cotton planting and cotton textile spreading from the frontier to the inland in ancient China, but its specific situation and historical position were rarely studied. On the basis of carding the cotton textile technology, cotton output and the development of cotton commodity economy in this period, this paper reveals that the cotton textile industry in Shanghai played an important role in improving people's clothing and raw materials, improving local people's material living standards and promoting the economic development of Jiangnan areas and even the whole country in the Yuan Dynasty. It also laid a good foundation for the later development of Shanghai China's great historical development process, especially in economic development, has an indelible and non-negligible historical position.

iron stick. After Huang Daopo returned to her hometown ─ Wunijing town, on the basis of inheriting the tools used by the people of Li nationality to Han (seedless) cotton, she invented the rolling car (agitator) by using the principles of rolling shaft and crank and taught the local people how to use it. More than ten years later, it was recorded in the book of agriculture written by Wang Zhen that "the rolling car stirs the cart with four wooden frames, on which there are two small columns, about five feet high, and on which there are square wooden tubes, each of which has an axis" (Wang, 2015, p. 718). When spinning, "two people drop the shaft, one feeds raw cotton, and the two shafts are rolled together, the cottonseed falls inside, and the cotton comes out of the outside" (Wang, 2015, p. 718). Its efficiency is as Wang Zhen said: "although there are a variety of methods to deal with kapok, this method can be used to get the cotton without any accumulation" (Wang, 2015, p. 718). Therefore, "compared with the use of rolling shaft, the utility is several times" (Wang, 2015, p. 718). From the perspective of schedule, the rolling car introduced by Wang Zhen may be a rolling car made and used by ordinary people taught by Huang Daopo, even if it is not the prototype of rolling car, it must be deeply influenced by it.
In order to facilitate spinning, the lint that has been seeded needs to be removed of impurities such as cotton shell, sediment and opened to get clean cotton fiber. At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, the tools for spinning cotton were mainly "string bamboo arc, a small bamboo slingshot with a length of one foot, four or five inches". It is said that in the process of playing cotton, Huang Daopo found that the small slingshot is mainly played by fingers, which is inefficient. Therefore, she innovated the small slingshot into a big slingshot, replaced the string by the rope string, and changed the finger plucking to the rod hitting. The book of agriculture records that "the length of the big slingshot can be about four feet, the upper part is quite long and curved, the lower part is slightly short and strong, the rope string is controlled, the cotton wool is like the felt wool method, and the knot is always opened, the real is empty, and the function is fake" (Wang, 2015, p. 719). After the innovation, the strength of the big slingshot is bigger, the popping cotton is more even, and the efficiency is also greatly improved. It can stretch 3 or 3.5 kg a day, and is gradually promoted and used. On this basis, at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the working people invented vertebra, which is made of sandalwood. Li Yu, a poet at the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, said, "the iron axis is horizontal in the orifices, vertebra uses two ends to look at the stars turning, and the snowflakes floating in disorder". This poem describes the situation of using vertebra to hit the bow and play cotton, which shows that the use of vertebra can further improve the efficiency of playing cotton, which is on the basis of innovation of slingshot invented by Huang Daopo.
Spinning elastic cotton fiber into sliver requires using kapok roll feast, so that "each drum can be easily and evenly spun" (Wang, 2015, p. 720). According to Wang Zhen's book of agriculture, " In the past, people in the Huaihe River area used long and smooth millet, but now people in other places have more bamboo strips" (Wang, 2015, p. 720). According to some historical data, in this process, Huang Daopo twisted the ripe flowers into eight or nine inch slivers with a long, knotless bamboo strip, which is a multiple of the original "one grip" technology (Zhong, 2006, pp. 21-24). In terms of time, the records in the agricultural books may be similar to the bamboo strips used in Shanghai area.
Spinning the sliver into yarn requires a spinning wheel. There were two kinds of cotton spinning carts in Yuan Dynasty: single spindle hand-crank and three spindle pedal. It is said that the three spindle pedal cotton spinning car was improved and made by Huang Daopo on the basis of the three spindle pedal hemp spinning car. This is also recorded in the book of Agriculture: "kapok spinning wheel is smaller than ramie spinning wheel. When the wheel is rolling, it must follow. Spinner's left hand holds his cotton drum, but two or three, it is necessary for him to achieve this goal. The traction is getting longer, the right hand must be tight, and the winding must be on" (Wang, 2015, p. 722).
Cotton yarn can only be weaved by dyeing, warping, winding and sizing. After Huang Daopo brought the cotton dyeing technology of Li people back to Songjiang prefecture of Shanghai, she also used the silk dyeing technology of Jiangnan areas for reference, thus creating a unique cotton dyeing technology. The dyed yarn also needs to go through warping and weft winding, which needs to be pulled and bed. In the book of agriculture of kapok picking car, it is recorded that "the spun cotton must be put in a paste basin for over pasting, and after it is slightly dry, the cotton must be put on the picking car, and the cotton must be turned into cotton" (Wang, 2015, p. 723). Because this kind of car can only move a piece of cotton, the cotton is only a must, and the efficiency is very low. However, weaving requires a large number of warps, which can't be satisfied only by pulling the warps. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, there was an advanced system, the tool of which was the bed. It first appeared in Fujian Province, and then gradually extended to the Yangtze River Basin. "The book of agriculture" said: "wooden cotton bed, its system is like sitting in the top chair, under the control of three. At the end of the four winding shaft, place one twig. The upper chair must be in eight vertical rows. The lower leading cotton thread should be used to roll the twigs and separate the branches. Silk, as it is, comes off the next time" (Wang, 2015, p. 725). The cot can be made into eight necessary cotton at a time, so the production efficiency of the wooden cot is "eight times as much as that of the car in a day" (Wang, 2015, p. 725). Finally, sizing is needed to improve yarn performance, increase yarn strength, wear resistance and reduce hairiness.
As for the weaving skills of Shanghai area in Yuan Dynasty, Tao Zongyi pointed out in his record of Huang Daopo's deeds in "records of stopping farming in the South Village", that "there are different ways to make tools for Han (seedless), Tan (elastic cotton), spinning (spinning), dyeing and weaving (weaving), as for Interlaced and dyed yarn, and to pull out the flowers with the healds. Therefore, it is woven into a quilt to bring joy. On it are the words of folding branches and playing chess with Phoenix, which can be written vividly" (Tao, 1998, p. 208). At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, Kong Qi recorded in the flower cloth of Songjiang prefecture in the book of Zhizheng Zhiji: "People in Songjiang prefecture can dye blue cloth, just like a yard painting or wild goose and grass. It comes from overseas. Now people in Wu area work skillfully. Cloth from kapok can be dyed with seal print and cyanosane, which should be relied on" (Kong, 1987, p. 23). It is not difficult to see that the dyeing and weaving technology in Shanghai at that time had reached a fairly high level.
To sum up, with the development and innovation of cotton textile production tools, a set of specific and more advanced and mature procedures for cotton processing and textile in the Yuan Dynasty Shanghai region also formed, and has had an impact on the surrounding and Central Plains regions.

Annual Production of Cotton Cloth in Shanghai Area in Yuan Dynasty
The annual output of cotton cloth in Shanghai area is not only related to the annual output of cotton and the production tools of cotton textile, but also to the number of labor force engaged in cotton textile and the efficiency of labor production. Although there is no specific historical record of the amount of labor force engaged in cotton textile in Yuan Dynasty, it can be inferred indirectly from other historical materials. At the end of Song Dynasty and the beginning of Yuan Dynasty, there were wars in the north and a large number of people moved to the south, which greatly increased the population of Shanghai area. According to the records in the history of the Yuan Dynasty, it was upgraded to Huating mansion in 1277. The Songjiang government was changed in 1278, and Huating county was still under the leadership of the government, with 163931 households (Song, 2016, p. 983). According to the account of the sixth volume of Songjiang Prefecture annals of Zhengde: in 1276, there were 234471 households in total, of which 232823 were civilian households, but only 120000 were actually due to the difficulty of soldiers. In 1290, there were 163926 households with a population of 888051. Between 1341 and 1370, there were 177348 households. In these two records, the data are only 5 households different. Although for some reasons, the number of only 5 households difference can be regarded as the number of households in Shanghai in the early years of the Yuan Dynasty. According to this figure, the annual growth of 177348 households by the end of the Yuan Dynasty is about 167 to 268. Therefore, on average, it should be reasonable to take the annual average number of households in Yuan Dynasty as more than 160000. According to historical records, the average population per household in the Yuan Dynasty was 4.46. According to the records in Volume I and II of Shanghai county annals, "Shanghai county was established in 1292, with more than 72500 households. It is 160 Li from the east to the west, 90 Li from the south to the north, and 22062 hectares and 4 mu of land, mountains and pools are totally destroyed. By 1391, there were 114326 households with a population of 532803, including 278874 males and 253929 females. Because Shanghai is located in the south of the Yangtze River, the average population per household is slightly higher than the average of 4.46 in the Yuan Dynasty, which is also reasonable. In this way, according to an average of 5 people and 2 women in each household, the number of people engaged in cotton textile in Shanghai during the Yuan Dynasty was about 64000 every year.
The time and efficiency of women's textile labor in Yuan Dynasty Shanghai area can also be roughly known from some historical materials. In his poem "new village", Nai xian from the Yuan Dynasty described that the women of the Yuan Dynasty wanted to "cook millet in the daytime, pay for ploughing, and spin cotton at night until dawn". Ai Kesu also mentioned in his "The Kapok" that "when you receive calluses, you will receive them three times as many as spring, and the horses will be as white as real cotton. The car turns light thunder to spin snow in autumn, bowing and bending for half a month. The clothes and fur are chanting and weaving all the year round. I can smell that there is thrift in the upper part, and I want to offer wild people's celery". All of them reflect the situation that the common people in Jiangnan areas (including Shanghai) grow cotton, use bows and marbles, use cars to weave cloth, and work day and night. Yu Sen's series on Famine Policy in the Qing Dynasty records that "a woman can spin three or two pieces of cotton every day, and get two pieces of cloth every month. After months of weaving, she can provide several mouthfuls of cotton, and the rest can be exchanged for money or millet, or the tax payment can be completed". It can be seen from this that the cotton textile production efficiency of a woman in the Qing Dynasty was about 2 pieces per month and 24 pieces per year. According to Wu Chengming, an expert in economic history, a piece of cloth needs 7 working days, 2 working days for cotton, 3.6-4 working days for spinning and 1 working day for weaving. A woman can spin 4.5 pieces of cotton cloth a month, and 54 pieces of cotton cloth a year. As the cotton textile technology in Shanghai area in Ming and Qing Dynasties did not change dramatically compared with that in the end of Yuan Dynasty, the cotton textile efficiency of women in Yuan Dynasty should not be much lower than that in Qing Dynasty. It is estimated from the proportion of cotton planting area to arable land area that the labor efficiency of Yuan Dynasty is about 0.56 of that of a woman in Yuan Dynasty. The annual production of cotton cloth was about 30 pieces, the number of women engaged in textile industry is 64000, and the annual production of cotton cloth in Yuan Dynasty Shanghai was about 1.92 million pieces.
Then from the tax point of view to calculate cotton production. According to the records of the history of the Yuan Dynasty, "in 1289, Kapok lifting Department was set up in Zhejiang, Jiangdong, Jiangxi, Huguang and Fujian. It is responsible for collecting 100000 pieces of kapok from common people every year" (Song, 2016, p. 322). The "Jiangdong" refers to the land under the rule of Sun quan in the Three Kingdoms period, including Shanghai. Shen Menglin wrote the poem "Huangpu water" in the Yuan Dynasty, which said: "The water of Huangpu,…, men gather flowers like cocoons, women weave flowers like silk. It's from the wind and the land to get rid of the cold and common people's resentment. Last night, Fu tie went down to the county in a hurry, with 40000 pieces of official kapok". "Huangpu" in the poem refers to the Shanghai area at that time. The poem shows that cotton planting and weaving in the Huangpu River Basin are very common, and about half of the land has been used for cotton planting; farming men and women are picking flowers and weaving like sericulture. Kona kapok can reach 40000 at a time. According to the record of emperor Taizu's Hongwu in the early Ming Dynasty, in 1368, the number of military cloth is very large. Please order the four prefectures in Western Zhejiang to collect 300000 pieces of cloth in autumn grain. Songjiang area is the place where cloth is produced, so as to stop the government from losing and accepting it so that its people can earn more rice as it is. Of course, in addition to paying taxes, there will naturally be more cotton fabrics for their own clothing and exchange of food and other necessary daily necessities. From this, we can infer the annual production of cotton cloth in Shanghai area of Yuan Dynasty. In the early Yuan Dynasty, there were more than 40000, and in the late Yuan Dynasty, there were more than 300000. According to the general tax rate of about 15:1 in the Yuan Dynasty, the annual production of cotton cloth in Shanghai should be more than 600000 at the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, and may be more than 4.5 million at the end of the Yuan Dynasty.

Cotton textile Commodity Economy in Yuan Dynasty Shanghai Area
Cotton, different from rice and soybean, can be used as food. Only by spinning, making clothes, hats and other fabrics and exchanging them with other materials, can cotton produce value, so it has the nature of commodity. "Cloth, Songjiang is the best", "merchant and peddler". This shows that with the rapid promotion of cotton planting, the family handicraft industry in Shanghai area of Yuan Dynasty began to rise, and the cotton cloth produced became a well-known commodity. In Tao Zongyi's records of stopping farming, it is recorded that "Ya Lang is today called the executioner Ya Lang, which is originally called mutual Lang, which is also called the main market. The book of Tang Dynasty "mutual" is "and", "mutual" is similar to "teeth". It's the teeth and ears because of errors" (Tao, 2016, p. 26). It shows that in the Yuan Dynasty, there were people specialized in cotton commodity management, such as cloth dissolving, toothmaking and cloth merchants. At the same time, some towns in Shanghai (Wunijing Town, Fengjing town, Jiading Waigang Town, Nanxiang Town, Zhujiajiao Town) and Shanghai county also prospered with the development of cotton textile handicraft industry and commerce. Take Shanghai county as an example. At first, it was only a water pool. Later, due to the narrowing of the upper reaches of Wusong River, foreign ships changed from the entrance of Shanghai Pu River to the settlement on the Bank of the river where they stopped. Later, Shanghai town was established. Later, with the commercial development centered on cotton products, in 1290, "a large town in the northeast of Huating was established with a large number of people. By the end of the Yuan Dynasty, there were more than 1000 cotton textile enterprises in Shanghai area (Li, 1985, pp. 66-72). Shanghai county was not only an initial trading seaport, but also a distribution center of cotton cloth in Huating, Jiading and other places. It can be seen that the cotton cloth made in this area was not only large in quantity and high in quality, but also developed in commodity trade. There is also a historical material to show the development of cotton textile commodity economy in Shanghai at that time. In 1280, Wang Nan, who was under the control of Shanghai shipping department, filed a complaint: "if there are short sellers of local goods such as Gibbs and iron bars from Quanzhou and Fujun, but they are not imported goods, they will be double sampled according to the style of Yuan diploma, so there are few customers". This event shows that the cotton cloth and iron bars produced in Quanzhou, Fuzhou and other places in the South ass.ccsenet.org Asian Social Science Vol. 16, No. 6 2020 have been transported to Shanghai as local products for commodity exchange, indicating that at that time, the commodity trade in Shanghai was not only within the local scope, but also with cotton textile commodities in other areas.
In a word, with the development of cotton textile industry in Shanghai during the Yuan Dynasty, the natural economy of the region began to be gradually broken by the commodity economy. The cotton textile industry gradually went to the market from the home use and the payment of taxes. The household handicraft production gradually turned into the commodity production. There were workshops and handicraft workshops using a large amount of hired labor and a group of people dedicated to foreign trade only in Shanghai County In "to the middle of the river, there are only 7252 households, and 5675 sea boat merchants, all of whom are from the county". Therefore, the commodity economy, or cotton textile commodity economy, began to develop to a certain level in the Yuan Dynasty in Shanghai.

Launched the "Cotton Revolution" That Affected the Social and Economic Development of China at That Time
At the end of Song Dynasty and the beginning of Yuan Dynasty, Wunijing town in Shanghai area began to plant cotton. Under the leadership of Huang Daopo, it improved the cotton planting, invented or innovated the tools and techniques in the process of "Han(Seedless), spinning, weaving" of cotton, promoted the progress of local cotton textile technology, and then made Wunijing town develop into a communication center of advanced cotton textile technology. It driving the rise and prosperity of a number of surrounding cotton textile towns and Shanghai County and even the Jiangsu and Zhejiang regions. It set off a "cotton revolution" that influenced the social and economic development of the south of the Yangtze River and even the whole country in the Yuan Dynasty and was praised by overseas scholars, which can obviously prove that the cotton textile industry in Shanghai has a considerable historical position.

It Has Changed the Main Raw Materials of People's Clothing, Improved People's Material Life and, to a Certain Extent, Promoted Women's Family Status
Before the Yuan Dynasty, the main raw material for people's clothing was hemp. With the cotton spread to the north gradually in the song and Yuan Dynasties, especially after it was introduced to Wunijing town in Shanghai area in the late Song and early Yuan Dynasties, the cotton planting and textile got unprecedented development.
In the Yuan Dynasty, Shanghai area also won the title of "Songjun cotton cloth, clothing and quilt world", and the clothing materials of people began to be mainly cotton cloth. It can be seen from many poems. For example, in the selected poems of the Yuan Dynasty, "seventy brothers are physically floating, but they have not yet tested the kapok and fur before they are cold"; in the Sanqu of the whole Yuan Dynasty, "when it's sunny and sunny, wear a collar of cloth, wear a pair of straw sandals, and visit Liu Xuchun for happiness"; the poet named Zhang Yuyun: "when the clock moves, the cock crows, the rain blows, and the cloth is still cold in the spring"; Wang Mian, the poet, also said: "the old man and the old woman cry relatively, and the cloth quilt has not been made into a picture for many years", and so on. From these poems, it can be inferred that with the development of cotton textile industry, people's clothing materials nationwide began to change from hemp based to cotton based, let alone in Shanghai, which is the advanced development center of cotton textile industry. Marx and Engels once said that the economic base determines the superstructure. In the family, how much income is generated will determine the status of the family. In the agricultural society of men's farming and women's weaving, the main source of family income is men, so women's family status is very low. However, in the Yuan Dynasty, with the development of cotton textile industry, women were no longer the supporting role of men in agricultural farming, but also could increase the income of families through textile, natural family status and so on. "The status of Shanghai town is becoming increasingly prominent," recorded in Volume I and II of Shanghai county annals of Hongzhi of Ming Dynasty. In 1292, Shanghai County was established with more than 72500 households. It is 160 Li from the east to the west, 90 Li from the south to the north, and 22062 hectares and 4 mu of land, mountains and pools are totally destroyed. By 1391, there were 114326 households with a population of 532803, including 278874 males and 253929 females. In the traditional county annals, it is rare to count women alone. This prove the change of women's status of family in Shanghai area in Yuan Dynasty.

Become One of the Important Trade Ports to Help the Development of Foreign Trade
The Yuan Dynasty attached great importance to shipping, "the capital of the Yuan Dynasty is Beijing, which is far away from the south of the Yangtze River. However, as well as the number of people who are made up by the guards, all of them depend on the south of the Yangtze River" (Song, 2016(Song, , p. 1582. In order to ensure the safety of the port and smooth maritime traffic in the south of the Yangtze River. The imperial court ordered the troops to go to guard the ports in Qingyuan, Shanghai and Shupu. Later, the imperial court set up a city of ten thousand houses in Shanghai and established granaries in Shanghai, and took Liujiagang in the north of Shanghai as the main base for shipping grain to the capital. At that time, there were many government offices in Shanghai, such as municipal shipping department, tax bureau, wanhufu, wine service department, business department, patrol inspection department, water post, express shop, all of which were available. The port trade expanded rapidly and becomed the sixth town in Jiaxing Road in the Yuan Dynasty (Ma, 1993, pp. 14-17).
Shanghai area was good at the benefits of the river and the sea, actively carried out commercial trade activities, and promoted the circulation and trading of goods. According to the records of Siming continuation, the Yuan Dynasty had trade with more than 140 countries and regions in Asia and Africa, many of which used the cotton and cotton cloth of the Yuan Dynasty. Cotton and cotton textiles were already the bulk commodities of foreign trade in the Yuan Dynasty. As an important trade port, Shanghai plays an important role in the process of trading with overseas countries, and helps the development of foreign trade.

Deeply Influencing the Development of Shanghai
Cotton is a plant of great origin in Shanghai area. Cotton planting in Shanghai area began in the early Yuan Dynasty. Huang Daopo, the most important historical representative of cotton planting and cotton textile, lived here in the Yuan Dynasty. The invention or innovation of main production tools and processes in the process of cotton textile originated here. Shanghai started the "cotton revolution" in the Yuan Dynasty and developed into a "national cotton textile center" in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In 1929, cotton was also elected as the "city flower" of Shanghai at that time. At that time, Shanghai was still the largest cotton textile center in China. As the birthplace of China's modern textile industry after liberation, Shanghai maintained the position of national textile industry, cotton textile industry center and leader for many years. Until the end of the 20th century, the country implemented the upgrading of traditional industries, and the traditional cotton textile industry needed to move out of Shanghai. Since then, the development and influence of cotton textile industry on Shanghai has gradually weakened. Weakening does not mean dying out, with the new industrial and technological revolution, with the intelligent fiber

Conclusion
The Yuan Dynasty was an important transitional period from the widespread rise of cotton in the border areas and coastal areas in the Song Dynasty to the widespread cultivation of cotton in the whole country in the Ming Dynasty. Shanghai was not only one of the important hubs of this transitional period, but also the starting point of the "cotton revolution" in the Chinese history from the late 13th century to the middle of 14th century. The cotton textile industry in this area not only played a certain role in the development of this area at that time and in the future, but also in the social development of Jiangnan area and even the whole country at that time. Therefore, its position in the process of China's grand historical development is indelible and cannot be ignored.