The Analysis of the Ancient Potsherd in New Stones Age in YeShi Mountain of Zhao Tong with X Ray Diffraction

X ray diffraction to crystal is the first and most convenient and important method for man to research the material microstructure. X ray diffraction has the character of no damaging sample, no pollution, and high measuring accuracy. Material phase structure, the measurements, direction and distribution of crystalline grain, stress and other information can be taken by the method. By means of X ray diffraction quantitative phase analysis, the test and research of potsherd in New Stone Age in Yeshi Mountain of Ludian County, Zhaotong City, Yunnan Province primarily ascertained its main composition, started and strengthened the research of unearthed cultural relics with science and technology in Zhaotong city, made the research of unearthed cultural relics turn to malty-subject study.

Zhaotong has long been known as "the throat of the west of Shu and the key to the lock of south of Dian".The culture of this old and magical place goes back to ancient time.In 1982, a piece of fossil of man's tooth was unearthed in Guoshan Cave of north suburb of Zhaotong City.It's determined as fossil of early intelligent man about 100 thousand years ago (called as Zhaotong man), which filled up the gap between ape-man phase and late intelligent man phase of Yunnan Province.The Yeshi Village to 4 km east of Ludian county covers area of about 1 km², the archaeology research institute of Yunnan province dug out earth pottery, sand taken pottery and polished pottery in area of 400 m².The colour of pottery included grey, black, brown and red.The shape of pottery included bottle, jar, cup, bowl, pot, basin and spinning wheel.There are many little flat-bottomed pots and bird-head like pots in unearthed pottery.Statistical number of bird head-like pots reach more than 70.The typical unearthed pottery included bottle which has ear, wide mouth, long neck, wide shoulder, oblique and long belly, small flat bottom, and was similar as big pot unearthed in Shanxingdui and black sheep head-like polished pot with two big ears.Stoneware includes crescent and rectangular stone knife, long bar-like stone axe.A lot of bird head-like pottery had been unearthed in Yeshi, Ludian.They are very like bird head-shaped pottery in Shanxing dui.
Because of special geographic position, many kinds of ancient cultural relics were unearthed, but the multi-subject comprehensive test, analysis and research of them have not been started yet for lack of funds.The study will strengthen the research of unearthed cultural relics of our city, and make it turn to multi-subject research.
X-ray quantitative phase analysis means that first, measure accurately every diffraction intensity of mixture with technology of X-ray diffraction, and then get the content of every kind of composition of multi-phase matter.Its theoretical basis is that the diffraction intensity of matter is directly proportional to the volume or quality of matter taken in diffraction.Therefore, through the diffraction intensity, we can get the proportion of volume or quality of some phase taken in diffraction of mixture, and then we can ascertain the composition of the sample and the content of every phase of mixture.

Sample and experimental way
The tested sample was taken from the remains of Yeshi Mountain in Taoyuan, Ludian County, Zhaotong City, which is the important protected cultural relics remains of Yunnan Province.Unearthed earth pottery, sand taken pottery.Black potsherd of small flat-bottomed jar, as is shown in Fig. 1.
The sample tested this time was 1#Y, 2#Y, 3#G, 2#B, 3#B supplied by cultural relics management office of Ludian County (1#Y and 2#Y are yellow, 3#G is grey, 2#B and 3#B are black).
The testing instrument is the X-ray diffraction instrument made in science company, Japan (The advanced analysis and measurement center of Yunnan University) Type: D/max-3B, the maximum power: 3kW.The maximum voltage: 60 kV.The maximum current: 80 mA.The stability of voltage and current: ±0.03% the scanning model of angle-measuring instrument: continuous, step forward, or fixed angle: 2θ.The measuring scope of angle: -3°~160°, the precision of angle-measuring instrument ≤ ±0.01°, the precision of reappearance ≤±0.01°

Experimental result and analysis
The experimental result is in Fig. 2~Fig.4.The experimental data is in Fig. 5~Fig.9.
The analysis of experimental result: With the analysis software and PDF database of instrument, we find that the main composition of sample are quartz, little illite, Calcium zeolite, A mica.The quartz is the result of calcinations, other composition may come from soil or result from incomplete calcinations.We plan to conclude after comparing the data of potsherd of Shanxingdui with the relative data set after quantitative test and analysis.